9月3日，第61-62课
Vocabulary & Idimos
challenge + 人 + to a race 向某人挑战赛跑/比赛
eg: Bob challenged Peter to a bicycle race and lost.
take a nap 小睡片刻
eg: I'm feeling tired. I'm going to take a nap.
every now and then 偶尔
eg: The hare started quickly but stopped to take a nap every now and then.
in the end 最后
eg: James always smoked cigarettes. In the end, he died of cancer.
perseverance 毅力
eg: If you have perseverance, you can learn anything.
learn a lesson 得到一个教训
eg: I learned a lesson from my older brother's failures.
gift-wrap 将...包装成礼品
eg: My wife and I gift-wrapped our children's Christmas gifts last night.
daily 每天
= every day
eg: Dave jogs daily at 6:30 in the morning.
Practice makes perfect. 孰能生巧。（谚语）
Grammar Points
副词的功能和用法。
one day 的用法。
说明：表示时间的状语，可指过去或将来的某一天。
eg: 过去的某一天：
One day I had dinner with her at that restaurant.
将来的某一天：
One day the little boy will be a great man.
someday 的用法。
说明：用于将来时，表示将来有一天。
eg: Someday the little boy will be a great man.
the other day 的用法。
说明：用于过去时，表示前几天。
eg: ** The other day** I met him at the train station.
以上三个副词或状语可置于句首或句尾。
in the end 到最后
= at last
in the beginning 起初
= at first
eg: In the beginning of the race I was energetic, but in the end, I was exhausted.
副词有下列几个主要功能：
- 修饰形容词，置于形容词之前。
eg: She is very beautiful.
- 修饰副词，置于副词之前。
eg: He worded quite hard.
- 修饰动词，置于动词之后。
eg: He walked slowly.
注意：very 只能修饰形容词或副词；如果要修饰动词，只能用 very much，并且置于句尾。
eg: He is very polite.
I like him *very much.
help 的用法。
说明：help 是及物动词，后接“人”为宾语，也可虚拟词 to 引导动词不定式作宾语补足语，但 to 通常省略。
help + 人 + to + 动词原形
= help + 人 + 动词原形
eg: I helped him to write the letter.
= I helped him write the letter.
9月2日，第59-60课
Vocabulary & Idimos
thoughtful 体贴的
eg: It was very thoughtful of you to send me a birthday card.
be concerned about + 人/事物 关心某人/某事物
eg: I'm very concerned about Bill. He look sick.
be in trouble 处于困难/麻烦中
eg: Mary is in trouble because she cheated on a test.
helpful 有帮助的；乐于助人的
eg: Bob's advice was very helpful.
dependable 可信赖的
eg: My car always breaks down. It is not dependable.
Grammar Points
复习最高级的用法。
sympathetic 为形容词
sympathize 为不及物动词
sympathy 为名词
用法：
be sympathetic to + 人 同情某人
= sympathize with + 人
= feel sympathy for + 人
eg: Jane was sympathetic to the starving puppy, so she took it home and fed it.
Connie sympathize with those orphans and their problems.
I felt sympathy for the poor beggar, so I gave him some money.
9月1日，第57-58课
Vocabulary & Idimos
on land 在陆地上
eg: Some mammals live on land, and some live in the sea.
in the world 世界上
eg: My son, Mike, is the cutest boy in the world.
a ton of... 一吨的...
eg: It eats a ton of food a day.
fish 鱼
单数和复数同形
eg: a fish, two fish, three fish...many fish.
indeed 实在
eg: My teacher is indeed very knowledgeable.
Grammar Points
形容词的最高级用法。
- 应与定冠词 the 连用。
eg: She is the most beautiful girl in her class.
David is the best student in his school.
- 最高级与 the 之间可放数字，如 two，three 等，与复数名词连用。
eg: John and Mary are the two best students in our class.
- 在比较等级的句子结构中，有三个或三个以上的比较对象时，使用最高级；若只有两个，只能使用比较级。
eg: Of the three girls, she is the most beautiful.
Of the ten students, David is the best.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
Of the two teachers, John is the kinder.
含有“of the + 数字 + 名词”的介词短语的用法。
说明：在此种句型中，不论形容词是最高级或比较级，其前均置以定冠词 the，且句尾相同的名词就应省略。
eg: Of the two boys, John is the better boy.
= Of the two boys, John is the better.
上列 of 引导的介词短语中，数字为三或以上时，of 可由 among（在...之中）取代；数字为二时，则不能使用 among。
eg: Of the five cars, the red one is the prettiest.
= Among the five cars, the red one is the prettiest.
many（修饰可数名词） 和 much（修饰不可数名词，常用于否定句中） 的比较级均为 more，最高级均为 most。
eg: He has many friends.
I have more friends.
She has the most friends.
He doesn't have much money.
I have more money.
She has the most money.
8月31日，第55-56课
Vocabulary & Idimos
not necessarily 未必
eg: The boss isn't necessarily always right.
words (某人所说的)话
eg: I don't believe his words. He is a liar.
Grammar Points
more...than... （比...更...）的用法。
Some people have more money than others.
than 为从属连词，引导状语从句，修饰之前的比较级形容词或副词；上句中的 than others 修饰比较级形容词 more。
说明：than others 之后省略了助动词 do，原句是“than others do”，这个 do 代替的是句中的 动词 have，通常使用时，do 会省略不写。
than 引导的状语从句中动词省略的规则如下：
- 主句有 be 动词时，从句应使用 be 动词。
eg: She is more beautiful than you are.
= She is more beautiful than you.
- 主句有一般动词时，应根据时态和人称来使用助动词 do、does 或 did。
eg: He came back earlier than I did.
= He came back earlier than I.
上句中的 others 是代词，等于 other people；some 也可作代词，等于 some people。
some...others 有些人...有些人...
eg: People have different hobbies. Some like to go swimming, and others are fond of dancing.
as...as... （和...一样地...）的用法。
说明：这种句子结构，一定要有形容词或副词才可使用。
因为第一个 as 是个副词，之后需要接形容词或副词；
第二个 as 则是从属连词，之后接主语及动词，形成状语从句，修饰第一个 as。
第二个 as 引导的状语从句与 than 引导的状语从句一样，句尾都是可以省略动词。
- 主句有 be 动词，从句也使用 be 动词。
eg: She is as beautiful as you are.
= She is as beautiful as you.
- 主句有一般动词，从句根据时态使用助动词 do、does 或 did。
eg: He studies as hard as I do.
= He studies as hard as I.
8月30日，第53-54课
Vocabulary & Idimos
prefer to + 动词原形 比较喜欢...；宁愿...
eg: I prefer to stay in and rest tonight.
be friendly with + 人 对某人友善
eg: I am friendly with my neighbors.
be busy (in) + 动名词 忙着从事...
eg: He is busy writing a letter.
above all 最重要的是
= most important of all
说明：above all 是作副词用的介词短语，使用时置于句首，之后置逗号，修饰全句。
eg: The doctor told my father to go on a diet. Above all, he told him to stop smoking.
believe in 笃信...
eg: I believe in working hard.
frankly 坦白地说
= to be frank with you
eg: Frankly, I don't like your idea.
= To be frank with you, I don
Grammar Points
prefer 的用法
-
prefer to + 动词原形
比较喜欢...
eg: I prefer to listen to music.
-
prefer to + 动词原形 + rather than + 动词原形
喜欢...胜于...
说明：此处 rather than 视为并列连词，表示“而非”之意，连接两个动词原形。
eg: I prefer to listen to music rather than watch TV.
-
prefer + 名词 + to + 名词
喜欢...胜于...
说明：此处 to 是介词，有“针对”的意味，“prefer A to B”表示“就 A 和 B 而言，比较喜欢 A”。
eg: I prefer music to movies.
代词 it 的用法
当代词 it 泛指某地的环境时，句尾一定有一个表示场所的介词短语。
eg: Besides, it is busier and noisier in the city.
不定式和动名词，以及 it 的用法
因为动词不可以直接作主语，所以只能变成不定式（to + 动词原形）或动名词（动词字尾加 -ing）形式，才可以做主语。
eg: To live in the country is safer.
= Living in the country is safer.
在写作时，经常用 it 代替主语，而不定式和动名词短语则移至句尾，此时的动名词也常常改为不定式。
eg: To live in the country is safer.
= It is safer to live in the country.
Living in the country is safer.
= It is safer living in the country.
= It is safer to live in the country.
believe 的用法
可作及物或不及物动词。
- 作及物动词时，之后直接接宾语。
believe + 宾语 相信某人/某人的话
eg: I believe him.
I believe what he says.
- 作不及物动词时，须接介词 in 后，才可接宾语。
believe in + 宾语 坚信某格言/信仰某宗教
eg: Do you believe in God?
I believe in the saying, "Live and learn."
8月29日，第51-52课
Vocabulary & Idimos
complain about + 名词/动名词 抱怨...
eg: Bob often complains about his work.
Mack complained about working seven days a week.
according to + 人 根据某人的说法
eg: According to Judy, this is a good book.
in a way 就某方面而言
eg: Mother thinks I'm lazy. In a way, she's right.
be critical of + 名词 批评...，挑剔...
eg: You shouldn't be so critical of others.
after all 毕竟
eg: Don't be mad at him. After all, he was only trying to help.
try one's best 某人尽全力
eg: You should try your best to help her.
Money isn't everything. 金钱并非万能。
Grammar Points
比较级的形态及其用法。
比较等级由形容词和副词变化而成，而且它们的变化相同。
（自己加入的内容：英文里的比较级与中文里表达 ...比...，或是 ...最... 的意思一样，比如：她比我漂亮，或是 她最漂亮。）
比较级的变化有下列原则：
（音节，就是单词音标中含有的元音。
单音节，就是只有一个元音；双音节，就是含有两个元音。）
- 原级是双音节或三音节以上的形容词。
比较级：more + 原级
最高级：most + 原级
eg: beautiful / more beautiful / most beautiful
- 原级是单音节的形容词。
比较级：原级 + er
最高级：原级 + est
eg: tall / taller / tallest
- 原级是以辅音结尾，同时亦是闭音节的单音节形容词。
比较级：重复该辅音字母 + er
最高级：重复该辅音字母 + est
eg: hot / hotter / hottest
- 原级是以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词，或是以 -le 结尾的双音节形容词。
比较级：原级 + r
最高级：原级 + st
eg: wise / wiser / wisest
- 形容词结尾为“辅音 + y”时。
比较级：将 y 改成 i + er
最高级：将 y 改成 i + est
eg: pretty / prettier / prettiest
- 有些形容词呈不规则变化，需要积累和记忆。
eg: good / better / best
bad / worse / worst
在原级的形容词之前冠以副词 less 或 least，则分别表示“较不...”或“最不...”之意。
eg: cute / less cute / least cute
8月28日，第49-50课
Vocabulary & Idimos
happen to + 人 发生在某人身上
eg: Good things always happen to me.
on my way to + 地方名词 在我往...的途中
所有格代词 my 可以任意更换，如：your，his，her，their等。
owe + 人 + 钱 欠某人（多少）钱
eg: You still owe me fifty dollars.
run away 跑走
at that moment 在那一刻
Grammar Points
反意疑问句的句型及用法。
基本原则：肯定句应以否定反问，否定句则以肯定反问。
有五种句型：
- 有 be 动词时，以该 be 动词形成反问。
eg: He is polite, isn't he?
You aren't happy, are you?
- 有 助动词 时，以该 助动词 形成反问。
eg: He can do it, can't he?
He won't come, will he?
- 句中有一般动词，应按时态及人称，以 do、does、did 形成反问。
eg: He studies hard, doesn't he?
They didn't like it, did they ?
- 以 Let's 引导的祈使句，其反问部分固定为 shall we。
eg: *Let's go, shall we?
Let's rest for a while, shall we?
- 以动词原形起首的祈使句，其反问部分固定为 will you。
eg: Come here, will you?
Be quiet, will you?
使用反意疑问句时，需要注意下列事项：
- 反问部分的主语始终为人称代词。
eg: John is angry with me, isn't he?
You, John and I are good friends, aren't we?
- 句中主语若为指示代词 this、these、those 时，反问部分则一律使用 it 或 they
eg: **That is good, isn't it?
These are beautiful, aren't they?
- 句子以 There is / There are 引导时，反问部分仍使用 isn't there / aren't there。
eg: There is a man there, isn't there?
8月27日，第47-48课
Vocabulary & Idimos
manner 表示做事的方法或方式，多与介词 in 连用。
eg: She spoke to us in an impolite manner.
manners 表示风度或礼貌。
eg: It is bad manners to point at people.
be popular with + 众人 受到一群人的欢迎
eg: That teacher is very popular with her students.
on the other hand 另一方面
on (the) one hand...on the other (hand)... 一方面...另一方面...
eg: On the one hand, it's fun to have a dog. On the other hand, it's a big responsibility.
look down upon + 人 轻视某人
eg: People look down upon Barry, because he is a thief.
look up to + 人 瞧得起/尊敬某人
eg: People look up to a good leader.
therefore
eg: We spent all our money; therefore, we had to go home.
make a big difference 产生很大的不同
eg: Your help can make a big difference.
Grammar Points
被动语态的形成及用法。
- “被动语态”均由及物动词形成，句型如下：
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
转变为：主语 + be 动词 + 过去分词 + by + 宾语
eg: They respect him.
He is respected by them.
eg: The teacher punished the naughty boy.
The naughty boy was punished by the teacher.
- 在被动语态中，除非绝对必要，否则“by + 宾语” 往往省略。
所以以上两个例句均可写成：
eg: He is respected.
The naughty boy was punished.
-
及物动词多是一个单词，如上例中的 respect 及 punish。但有时亦由两个或三个单词所构成，此时就称为短语动词，它们共同的特征就是最后一个单词一定是介词。
一些常用的短语动词如下：
look at
point at
rely on
pay attention to
look down upon
take care of
eg: I cannot rely on him.
Everyone looks down upon him.
以上两个例句中的短语动词均视为及物动词，之后皆有宾语，故可使用被动语态。
eg: He cannot be relied on.
A liar is looked down upon.
why 或 why not 之后可直接用动词原形，形成简略的问句。
- Why + 动词原形？
= Why should I / we + 动词原形？
eg: Why stay here?
= Why should I / we stay here?
- Why not + 动词原形？
= Why can't you / we + 动词原形？
eg: Why not stay here?
= Why can't you / we stay here?
8月26日，第45-46课
Vocabulary & Idimos
wait for + 人或事物 等候某人或某事物
eg: I am still waiting for my girlfriend to write to me.
as a matter of fact 事实上（常置于句首，之后置逗号）
= in fact
eg: That car is not cheap. As a matter of fact, it's very expensive.
to make matters worse, ... 更糟的是，...
eg: It was raining. To make matters worse, I forgot to bring my umbrella.
left 将...留在... (leave的过去式)
eg: I left my umbrella on the bus.
nightmare 噩梦
eg: City traffic is a real nightmare.
have a headache 头痛
eg: Don't shout, I have a terrible headache.
go see a doctor 去看医生
= go and see a doctor
come 或 go 以原形出现时，其后接 and 再接另一个动词原形时，and 可以省略。
eg: Come and see me when you have time.
= Come see me when you have time.
Grammar Points
不定式短语作副词的用法。
- to + 名词 ，形成介词短语，名词作介词 to 的宾语。
eg: He missed the train to work.
- to + 动词原形短语，形成不定式短语，此时的 to 是虚词，而非介词。通常置于句首，之后置逗号，有副词的功能，修饰全句。
eg: To make matters worse, he left his briefcase on the train.
To tell (you) the truth, I lose her.
To be frank (with you), I don't know who Picasso is.
感叹句的用法。
感叹句有两种，一种由 how 引导，另一种由 what 引导，均置于句首。感叹句均由陈述句（即“主语 + 动词...”的句子结构）转变而成。
- 以 how 引导的感叹句。
由于 how 是副词，可修饰形容词、副词或动词。
a. 修饰形容词。
eg: He is nice.
How nice he is.
b. 修饰副词。
eg: He worked hard.
How hard he worked.
c. 修饰动词。
eg: I love that picture.
How I love that picture.
- 以 what 引导的感叹句。
此时 what 是形容词，之后须接名词或含有形容词修饰的名词。
a. 接名词或形容词修饰的名词。
eg: It was a nightmare.
What a nightmare it was.
They are nice boys.
What nice boys they are.
b. what 之后接名词，再接“主语 + be 动词”时，主语及 be 动词可省略。
eg: What nice boys they are.
What nice boys.
8月25日，第43-44课
Vocabulary & Idimos
take a day off 请一天假
eg: Last week I was sick, so I took two days off from work.
have to + 动词原形 必须...
= must + 动词原形
eg: I have to work all weekend.
take care of... 照顾...
= look after...
eg: Can you take care of my dog for a few days.
ought to + 动词原形 应该...
= should + 动词原形
eg: You ought to be more polite.
talk to + 人 对某人说话
eg: You have to talk to your parents about your marriage plans.
be afraid to + 动词原形 害怕...
eg: Don't be afraid to speak English.
get angry with + 人 生某人的气
angry 之前使用 get 时，强调动作刹那间的发生；
使用 be 动词时，则强调持续的状态。
eg: He got angry with me when I broke the window, and he is still angry now.
this way 以这种方式，这样的话
eg: Let's work together. This way, we can finish the project sooner.
kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟；两全其美；一举两得
eg: Charlie can study and work at the same time. This way, he kills two birds with one stone.
in fact 事实上
eg: Mike likes Jessica . In fact, I think he loves her.
have a bad cold 患重感冒
eg: You have a bad cold. You should take some medicine.
be getting better (病)渐渐好起来
eg: A: Do you still feel sick?
B: Yes, but I'm getting better.
Grammar Points
一些助动词，也只情态动词，如 must / have to / ought to / should 等，有一个共同特性：它们之后都接动词原形。
- must 表示道德或义务的“必须”，且只用来表示现在或未来的状况。
eg: You must love your country.
He must stay here now.
He must come here tomorrow.
- have to 表示有勉强意味（不得不去做）的“必须”，此时也可以使用 must，不过 have to 出了可以表示现在或未来的状况，还可以表示过去的状况。
eg: You have to / must finish the work before you can go home.
He has to stay here now.
He has to come here tomorrow.
He had to stay here yesterday.
- ought to 与 should 用法相同，可以互换。
eg: He should talk to his boss, but he's afraid.
= He ought to talk to his boss, but he's afraid.
What should Dan do?
=What ought Dan to do?
might 和 may 的区别：
- might 是 may 的过去式，但却不表示过去的状态，而是表示较低的可能性。
eg: You might be right, but I think my way is better.
- may 则表示较高的可能性。
eg: You may be right, so I will take your advice.
take + 人或物 + to + 地方 将某物带/运送到某地
eg: Please take me to the station.
home 的用法：
- 作副词时，置于句尾修饰动词，之前不能置介词 to。
eg: He can take the work home.
Let's go home now.
- 作名词时，之前有所有格 my、your、his 等，且应加上介词 to 以作宾语使用。
eg: Let's go to my home.
- 与介词 at 连用，形成固定用法：
be at home 在家中
eg: He is at home most of the time.
this way 原为 in this way，作副词用的短语，但 way 之前有 this 或 that 时，介词 in 常省略。
eg: You must be modest. That way, you will be respected.
8月24日，第41-42课
Vocabulary & Idimos
go camping 露营去
eg: Every summer my family and I go camping in the mountains.
put up a/the tent 搭帐篷
eg: We should put up the tent. It is getting dark.
make a campfire 生营火
make a fire 生火
eg: Do you know how to make a fire?
fishing rod 钓竿
eg: We had only one fishing rod.
take turns 轮流
eg: Let's take turns playing with the toy.
after a while 一会儿之后，没多久
eg: After a while, I found my keys.
for a while 有一会儿
eg: I worked at that store for a while.
How often do you + 动词原形 你多久...一次？
eg: How often do you visit your grandparents?
have fun 玩得愉快
= have a good time
have fun (in) + 动名词 做...很愉快
eg: We had fun singing songs at the party.
= We had a good time singing songs at the party.
I'm having a wonderful time. 我玩得愉快极了。
= I'm having a great time.
= I'm having a lot of fun.
Grammar Points
and 连接含有两个或两个以上的人称代词作主语的位置，有如下：
- 主语有代词 "I" 及其他人时，应以 and 连接，并将其他人置于 "I" 之前，表示尊重。
eg: My father and I went fishing last weekend.
- 除 "I" 以外，he、she、they、you、we 等代词与其他人共同作主语时，这些代词应置于第一个位置。
eg: He and his father went swimming last Friday.
We and Mary sang songs at the party.
- 代词并存时，注意下列次序。
eg: You, he and I are good friends.
We, you and they are good friends.
采用 "go + 现在分词" 的短语，表示“从事某种短暂性的活动”之意。常用的此类短语如下：
eg: go dancing 去跳舞
go shopping 去购物
go hunting 去打猎
go golfing 去打高尔夫球
go swimming 去游泳
go mountain climbing 去爬山
eg: My best friend and I often go shopping together.
take turns (at) + 动名词 轮流...
eg: The three boys took turns (at) looking after their sick mother.
作主语的词类：
- 通常是名词或代词
eg: The boy lives near my house.
He is a student.
- 若动词要作主语，应将动词变为动名词。
eg: Singing songs with him is fun.
Camping by the river is fun.
8月23日，第39-40课
Vocabulary & Idimos
graduate from... 从...毕业
eg: I graduated from Beijing University last year.
further one's studies 深造，进修
eg: Bob went to Paris to further his studies in art.
at first 起初（作状语用，通常置于句首）
eg: At first I forgot his name, but later, I remembered it.
at the time 始终，一直（作状语用，使用时置于句尾）
eg: Charles is a good student. He studies all the time.
Grammar Points
after 的用法：
- 作介词时，之后以名词作其宾语。
eg: After his resignation, he went abroad.
- 作连词时，引导状语从句，后接“主语 + 动词”。
eg: After he resigned, he went abroad.
before 与 after 一样，也有两种词性。
eg: Before she left, she gave me a kiss.
= Before her departure, she gave me a kiss.
at first 与 first 均可置于句首，作副词用，修饰之后的句子，但意思不同。
at first 起初（使用于一般过去时中）
eg: At first, she was very nice to John, but later, she left him.
first 第一，首先（用来陈述观点）
eg: David is great in many ways. First, he never lies. Second, he is helpful.
有一些现在分词和过去分词均可用作形容词，初学英语不易掌握，可是使用以下原则：
现在分词多译为“令人...的”；
eg: The question is confusing.（这个问题令人迷惑。）
The result is depressing.（这个结果令人沮丧。）
过去分词则译为“感到...的”。
eg: The baby is tired. （这个婴儿感到累了。）
8月22日，第37-38课
Vocabulary & Idimos
take + 人 + to + 地方 带（载）某人到某地
eg: Can you take me to school tomorrow?
go to + 地方 到某地去
eg: We need to go to the supermarket.
just before... 就在...之前
eg: Just before we parted, she gave me a good-night kiss.
part from + 人 与某人分手
eg: After saying goodbye, he parted from his parents and got on the train.
at the moment 就在那时
eg: At the moment, I had nothing to say.
be on top of the world 在世界的顶端，比喻快乐得飘飘欲仙
eg: I got an "A" on my final exam. I am on top of the world.
be in love (with + 人) 爱上某人，（与某人）恋爱了
eg: I think Carl is in love with Connie.
forget to + 动词原形 忘了要...
eg: I forgot to tell you that your mother called.
Grammar Points
一般过去时的形式如下：
- 主语 + 动词的过去式
eg: I saw him yesterday.
He lived here ten years ago.
They were angry when they heard the news.
- 规则的过去式变化，在动词词尾加 -ed。
eg: want-wanted
- 不规则的过去式变化，需要多看多记。
eg: see-saw
一般过去时的否定句子结构如下：
主语 + did not / didn't + 动词原形
主语 + was not / wasn't ...
主语 + were not / weren't ...
eg: He didn't leave.
We weren't happy.
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态，这种时态往往与表示过去的时间副词连用。
eg: He came back at ten ** this morning**.
He passed away last night.
8月21日，第35-36课
表示数量的形容词 many/few/little/much 等，亦可称为不定代词。
- 接复数名词：
few 有少数，没几个（有否定意味）
= only a few
a few 有几个（有肯定意味）
several 数个（意思接近 a few，但是数目比 a few 多。）
many 许多个
= quite a few
eg: He has few friends.
= He has only a few friends.
I have a few friends.
She has many friends.
= She has quite a few friends.
- 接不可数名词
little 很少，没多少（有否定意味）
a little 有一点（有肯定意味）
quite a little 不少的，相当多
much 许多（用于否定句中）
a great deal of 许多的，大量的
eg: He has little money.
He has a little money.
He doesn't have much money.
He has quite a little money.
He has a great deal of money.
- 可接复数名词或不可数名词
some 一些
a lot of(= lots of) 许多的
plenty of 不少的，相当多的
eg: He has some friends/money.
He has a lot of(lots of) friends/money.
He has plenty of friends/money.
need to + 动词原形 需要...
eg: You need to be more patient.
borrow + 物 + from + 人 向某人借某物
eg: Can I borrow a pen from you?
What's the matter(with you)?
= What's wrong(with you)?
8月20日
后位修饰结构，就是把形容词放在 something/anything/nothing 之后，格式是：something/anything/nothing + 形容词；并且没有复数形式。
eg: I have something good for you.
I can't find anything good at the store.
He is doing nothing wrong.
something 用于肯定句；
eg: I have something important to tell you.
anything 用于否定句及疑问句，在否定句中时，前面需要与否定词not连用；
Do you have anything important to tell me?
I don't have anything important to tell you.
nothing 本身具有否定意味，所以不可再与否定句连用形成双重否定。
I have nothing important to tell you.
= I don't have anything important to tell you.
形容词修饰一般名词时，通常置于该名词前。
eg: He is a good boy.
except 的用法：
这是一个介词，表示"除...之外"，使用时要放在 all / no / any / every 这种含有完全意义的形容词所修饰的名词之后。
eg: He has nothing except money.
He likes everything except me.
I don't like anyone except Mary.
All the boys are good except him.
I like every girl here except Mary.
mind 头脑，心里
have...in mind 心里想着...
eg: Do you have anybody in mind for the job?
8月19日
some 为形容词，表示“一些”；此外，还可表示“某个”的意思。
- 表示“一些”时，后可接复数可数名词或不可数名词。
eg: Peter has some very good English books.
I have some money.
- 表示“某个”时，后接单数可数名词，此时相当于不定冠词 a 和 an。
eg: Some guy is looking for you.
= A guy is looking for you.
none 是代词，用来代替人或物，指三个或三个以上的人或东西中“没有一个”，用法如下：
none of + the(these、those、my、your、his...) + 复数名词 + 复数（或单数）动词
eg: None of my friends like(s) music.
None of those books are/is interesting.
neither 是用来表示两个人或东西中“没有一个”的。
eg: Neither of my parents like music.
change 作“零钱”解释时，是不可数名词，并且无复数形式。
eg: How much change do you have?
I have twenty dollars in change.
any 与 some 均可作数量形容词，之后均可置可数或不可数名词，但是区别如下：
- any 用于疑问句或否定句中.
eg: Do you need any help?
He doesn't need any help.
- some 用于肯定句中.
eg: He needs some help.
What for? = why?
8月18日
no 和 not 的区别：
no 是形容词，表示“没有一个”。
not 是副词，表示“不”。
no 等于 not any，表示“没有任何一个”。
联想：no 和 not 区别在于多了一个字母"t",谐音可以理解为“踢”，当把 any 给“踢”掉时，就只剩 no 一个单词，没有“踢”掉 any 时，any 就老老实实的跟在了 not 的屁股后面。
no 之后可直接置名词；
not 之后先接形容词 any，才可接名词。
eg: I have not any money.
= I have no money.
借助助动词 do 或 does，构成的否定句。
eg: He doesn't have any money.
= He has no money.
one 专用来代替前面句子提到的单数可数名词。
eg: I need a good English dictionary, but I can't afford one now.
one 还可与形容词连用。
eg: I don't like this red pen. Give me a yellow one.
从属连词 because/although/when/if 等，引导状语从句，修饰主句。
从句置于主句之前，需要置逗号；从句置于主句之后，则不需要置逗号。
eg: Because he is knowledgeable, he has my respect.
= He has my respect because he is knowledgeable.
Although he is rich, I don't envy him.
= I don't envy him although he is rich.
If I have time, I will do it.
= I will do it if I have time.
buy + 人 + 物 买某物给某人
= buy + 物 + for + 人
eg: Romeo buys his wife flowers every day.
= Romeo buys flowers for his wife every day.
ride 骑、乘坐
eg: Can you ride a horse?
I always ride the train to work.
8月17日
go for a walk 去散步
= go for a stroll
eg: I usually go for a walk after dinner.
频率副词 ** seldom/usually/often/sometimes/never/always** 等，频率副词通常使用在一般现在时中。
- 句中有 be 动词时，频率副词置于该 be 动词之后。
eg: John is always busy.
Chris is helpful. He is never selfish.
- 句中有一般动词时，频率副词置于该动词之前。
eg: He usually goes to bed late.
I seldom talk to him.
连词 although/though/but/because/so等，在两个句子中只能有一个。
eg: Though he is nice, I don't like him.
= He is nice, but I don't like him.
Because he is nice, we all like him.
= He is nice, so we all like him.
8月16日
clothes 是复数，表示“衣服”，是衣服的总称，是个不可数名词。
正确表达的方式：
some clothes
many clothes
listen 倾听，与介词 to 连用，方可置宾语。
eg: He is listening to music.
news 新闻、消息(不可数)
a piece of news 一则消息
eg: That's very good news.
That's a very good piece of news.
一般现在时的用法
比较：
一般现在时：
He has breakfast at seven every morning.
现在进行时：
He is having breakfast now.
第一句中的 has 等于 eats，表示“吃”，是一般现在时，所表示的是一种“常态的动作”；而第二句 is having 等于 is eating，则表示“现在正在发生的动作”。
every morning 是时间副词，英文中的时间副词可置于句首或句尾，但多半置于句尾。
get up = rise 起床
go to bed 睡觉
表示“在...点钟”时，要使用介词 at，之后接数字，名词 o'clock 通常可省略。
eg:He gets up at five(o'clock) every morning.
put on 穿上，强调穿的动作。
wear 穿，强调已穿好的状态。
take off 脱下
exactly 置于表几点钟的名词之前，表示“几点整”之意。
eg:Please see me at exactly nine tonight.
on Sunday 这个星期天
on Sundays 每逢星期天
eg: Do you want to go to the beach on Sunday?
I practice the piano on Sundays.
go for a walk 散步
= take a walk
eg: Let's go for a walk in the countryside tomorrow.
8月15日
belong 属于 与介词 to 连用
belong to... 属于...
this、that、these、those在文章第一次出现之后，第二次使用时为避免重复，this 及 that 应用 it 代替，these 及 those 则用 they 代替。
eg: This is my English book. It belong to me.
These books are mine. They don't belong to you.
形容词性所有格代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their)相当于形容词，之后一定要接名词；而名词性所有格代词(mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/yours/theirs)则相当于名词，之后不可再接名词。
eg: This is my book.
This book is mine.
his 及 its 可同时作形容词性或名词性所有格代词；her 属形容词性所有格代词，hers 则属名词性所有格代词。
eg: I don't like her car. I like his.
I like his car. I don't like hers.
there、here 皆为表示场所的副词，使用时，通常置于句尾。
eg: I see a boy there.
There is a dog here.
但在口语中，老美常在 there 及 here 之前另加一个副词 over，强调 there 或 here。
eg: I see a boy over there.
There is a dog over here.
whose 谁的
本词乃所有格疑问代词，用于问句中，置于该问句句首。whose 可作形容词性或名词性所有格代词；作形容词性所有格代词时，之后接名词；作名词性所有格代词时，之后不接名词。
eg: Whose dog is this?
Whose is the dog?
same 相同的
same 之前始终要置定冠词 the，常用于下列句型中：
A is the same as B A 和 B 相同
eg: This book is the same as mine.
the same 之前可置副词 exactly、much、about，表示相同的程度的深浅之别。
exactly the same 完全相同
much the same 很相同
about the same 大致相同
eg: My bike is exactly the same as John's.
in the back of 在...之后
eg: I sit in the back of the class, and Mary sits in the front
8月14日
glass 可作“玻璃”或“玻璃杯”解，作“玻璃”解时，是不可数名词；作“玻璃杯”解时，则为可数名词。
作“玻璃”
a piece of glass
two pieces of glass
作“玻璃杯”
a glass
two glasses
但 glasses 亦可作“眼镜”解，由于眼镜得劲镜片有两片，故用来指“眼镜“时，glasses 用复数。
a pair of glasses
two pairs of glasses
fair skin，fair 专指皮肤的白皙。
white skin，是指白种人的白皮肤。
else 另外，别的（置于 everybody、somebody、nobody 之后）
everybody else
= everyone else
somebody else
= someone else
nobody else
= no one else
eg: I like my teacher, but everyone else doesn't.
Sorry, I can't help you. Please ask someone else.
James smokes, but no one else in the office does.
以副词 not 形成的否定句子结构，均由肯定句变化而成，有下列三种形态：
- 句中有 be 动词时，not 置于该 be 动词之后。
eg: He is not intelligent.
= He isn't intelligent.
- 句中有助动词如 can、will、may、must等时，not 置于该助动词之后。
eg: He will not come today.
The boy cannot sing.
- 句中只有一般动词而无 be 动词或助动词时，应先在主语之后按人称变化分置助动词 do 或 does，再加 not，原来的动词均改变为动词原形。
eg: She does not love David.
They do not like music.
anyone/someone 任何一个人/某个人
以上两个代词分别等于 anybody 及 somebody。anyone 或 anybody 用于否定句或疑问句中，someone 或 somebody 则用于肯定句中。
eg: I don't know anybody in the classroom.
There isn't anyone in the room.
Does anyone know the answer ?
Can anybody do it?
There is someone there.
Somebody is talking to Mary.
不过 anybody 或 anyone 若作主语时，仍可用于肯定句中，作强调的用法。
eg: Anybody can answer the question.
If he can do it, anyone can.
want 要，欲
- want to + 动词原形 想要...
eg: I want to see hime now.
- want + 名词 要...
eg: The little boy wants more toys.
- want + 人 + to + 动词原形 要某人...
eg: He wants me to mail the letter for him.
drink 酒
drink 可作“饮料”或“酒”解，但在现代美语中，多作“酒”解，尤其常使用于下列短语中:
have/want/get + a drink 喝一杯（酒）
eg: I want a drink after work.
go away 离开
eg: Don't bother me! Please go away.
8月13日
one...the other... 的用法
两者：one...the other...
eg: I have two brothers. One is a teacher, and the other is a soldier.
三者：one...another...the other...
eg: Her three sisters are busy now. One is cooking in the kitchen, another is fixing her bike in the yard, and the other is studying in the living room.
and 的用法
- and 连接两个平行单词时，and 之前不得置逗号。
eg: My friend is handsome and intelligent.
- and 连接三个平行单词时，第一个单词与第二个单词之间置逗号，and 则置于第二个单词与第三个单词之间，and 之前则可置逗号，但通常予以省略。
eg: My friend is handsome, intelligent and strong.
- and 连接平行的句子时，and 之前通常置一逗号；but 亦为并列连词，表示“但是”、“不过”的意思，用来连接平行的句子时， but 之前通常也置一逗号。
eg: He loves Jane, and(he) is planning to marry her this year.
He likes music, but his girlfriend hates it.
one more... 再一个...
two more... 再两个...
three more... 再三个...
eg: We need five more apple pies for the party.
think so 如此想法
此处的 so 是代词。
look at... 注视...；注意看...
eg：The boys are looking at the pretty girl.
lovely 美丽的
eg: My beat friend has a lovely daughter.
8月12日
in the center of... 在...的中央位置
eg: Where is the town center?
The train station is in the center of the city.
(be) across from.. 在...的对面
Sarah is sitting across from me.
in fact 事实上
I don't like hamburgers. In fact, I hate American food.
表示场所位置的介词用法：
near... 在...的附近
next to... 紧邻...；在...的旁边
across from... 在...的对面
in the center of... 在...的中央点
这些介词或短语介词加了宾语之后，形成表示场所位置的介词短语，与 there is / are (有...)连用时，可置于句尾或句首。
eg: There is a swimming pool near my school.
= Near my school there is a swimming pool.
若介词短语置于句首时，there 可省略。
eg: In the center of the city there are several tall buildings.
= In the center of the city are several tall buildings.
In fact, there is no place like my hometown.
此处 in fact 是作副词用的介词短语，使用时置于句首，修饰 there is...整个主句。
in fact
= as a matter of fact
一般而言，like 有两种用法：一作及物动词，表示"喜欢"；一作介词，表示"像"。
- 作及物动词时，句子结构如下：
主语 + like + 宾语（名词或代词）
eg: The boy likes the dog.
- 作介词时，之后亦须接宾语，形成介词短语。这个短语使用时，要置于：
a. be 动词之后
eg: My teacher is like my father.
b. 名词之后
eg: There is no place like my hometown.
c. 主语之前
eg: Like John, I enjoy music.
8月11日
介词与物体的关系：
inside + 物体 在该物体之内
= in + 物体
behind + 物体 在该物体的后面
under + 物体 在该物体的下方
next to + 物体 紧邻于该物体
eg:
There is a pen inside / in the box.
There is a dog behind the door.
He is standing under an umbrella.
Mary is sitting next to the window.
特殊疑问句，就是用疑问副词 why、when、 how、where 或疑问代词 who、whom、what、which等起首的问句。
句型：
- 疑问词一定置于问句句首。
- 问句要采用倒装句型：
a. 原句有 be 动词时，该 be 动词要与主句倒装。
eg：Why are you crying?
Why isn't he doing his homework?
Why is he not doing his homework?
b. 原句有助动词如 can、will、may等时，该助动词要与主语倒装。
eg: When will you come?
How can you do it?
c. 原句有一般动词时，一般动词与主语无法倒装，须按主语的人称在疑问词之后置 do 或 does，再将动词改为动词原形。
eg: Where does he live?
Why do they like music?
It's staring at Rover with fear.
= It's staring at Rover fearfully
上列第一句中 with fear 这个介词短语作副词用，等于第二句中副词 fearfully ，用以修饰已成现在进行时短语动词的 is staring at.
8月10日
either 与 too 均为副词，二者皆表“也”，但用法有别：
- too 用于肯定句中，置于句尾，too 之前置逗号。
Mary is beautiful. Jane is, too.
- either 用于含有 not 的否定句中，置于句尾，either 之前置逗号。
He isn't happy. She isn't, either.
现在进行时的用法
句型：
主语 + be + 现在分词
及物动词 和 不及物动词
用法：
主语 + 及物动词(vt.)+ 宾语(O)
They often watch TV.
主语 + 不及物动词(vi.)
She dances well.
be at home是个固定用法，表示“在家里”的意思。
Mr. Wang is working in his office.
Mrs. Wang is shopping at the supermarket.
以上两句中的 in 及 at 均为介词，之后皆可用以表示建筑物的名词作宾语；但 in 强调“在...里面”，at 则笼统指“在...地方”。
think about... 想到...
make vt. 使，叫
make + 人 + 动词原形 叫某人...
Father makes me clean his bike every Sunday.
8月9日
we all get along well. 我们都相处得很好。
以上这两个短语却有两个语法重点，分别如下：
a. we all 我们大家
此处的 all 是形容词，译成“全部的”或“所有的”，修饰三个或三个以上的人或东西。与代词连用时，置于该代词之后；与普通名词连用时，通常置于该普通名词前；与专有名词连用时，通常置于该专有名词之后。
- 代词：
They all like music.
I like them all.
- 普通名词：
All the boys like music.
- 专有名词：
Peter, Paul and Mary all like music.
both 也是形容词，用来修饰两个人或东西，可译成“二者都”。
John and Peter are good friends. They both like music.
Both my parents can sing.
b. get along 相处
这个短语之后亦可接介词 with，再接人作宾语，即：
get along with + 人 与某人相处
He has a bad temper. I can't get along with him.
Do you and your sister get along well?
as a matter of fact 事实上
本短语有副词的功能，使用时常置于句首，再置逗号，修饰之后的整个句子。
He knows many English words. As a matter of fact, he is a walking dictionary.
8月8日
现在进行时的形成及用法：
这种进行时态相当于中文“现在正在...”的意思，形成的方式如下：
主语 + be 动词 + 现在分词
eg: Mary is writing a letter.
They are doing their homework.
I am running in the yard.
...but they're having fun. ...但他们很愉快。
have fun 是固定的用法，表示“玩得愉快”、“过得愉快”之意。
eg: I have fun every day.
8月7日
王氏一家人
the Wangs
= the Wang family
have 是及物动词，表示“有”的意思。使用 have 时，主语一定表示“人或动物”的名词或代词。
eg: Jone has two dogs.
They have many friends.
also 和 too 均为副词，表示“也”的意思。
但使用时， too 置于句尾，其前要有逗号。而 also 则置于一般动词前；若与 be 动词或助动词连用时，also 应置于该 be 动词或助动词之后。
一般动词：I also like it.
= I like it, too.
be 动词：I am also a student.
= I am a student,too.
助动词：I can also sing.
= I can sing, too.
same 使用本单词时，之前一定要置定冠词 the
Jane and I go to the same school.
alike 使用本单词时，不可置于名词前
John and Peter are alike in many ways.
省略句的功能是省略两句重复的部分，使句子结构简单又不失清楚的含义。省略句形成的先决条件是：
- 两句的结构必须相同（亦即两句有相同的时态及动词），第二句方可形成省略句。
- 第一句若为肯定句，第二句则为否定句；第一句若为否定句，第二句则为肯定句。
形态有三：
- be 动词
He is a good student. She isn't.
- 助动词（如can、will等）
He cannot do it. She can.
- 动词
此时省略句要按主语的人称分置助动词 do 或 does，用来代替第一句中的动词。
He like music. I don't.
I don't like music, but he does.
on the other hand 是介词短语，表示“另一方面来说”或“话又说回来”，有副词的功能，通常置于句首，修饰整个句子。
8月6日
表示一个人时，只能使用 person.
eg: one person / a person
表示两个人以上，使用 people.
eg: two people / three people
某人几岁了
人 + be动词 + 数字 + year(s) + old / of age
age 还有一个很好的用法：
看起来比实际年轻
look young for one's age
= look younger than one really is
there 置于句首，之后接 be动词（is，are）时，作“有”的意思
There is/are + 单/复数名词 + 表示场所的介词短语
你是什么地方的人？
Where are you from?
= Where do you come from?
在白天
during the day / by day
在晚上
at night / by night
each other 是代词，表示两者的“彼此”的意思，在句中只作宾语。句中的主语必须限定为两者。
one another 也是代词，但表示三者或三者以上的“彼此”，在句中也只作宾语。句中的主语必须为三个或三个以上的人物。
have to 和 must 的区别：
have to 有“强制”或“非做不可”的意味；must 则常指义务或责任上的“必须”
想要...
want to + 动词原形
孰能生巧
Practice makes perfect.
借助 助动词do/does 形成疑问句
中文式错误疑问句：You like what?
正确的英式疑问句：What do you like?
中文式错误疑问句：He likes what?
正确的英式疑问句：What does he like?
你是做什么的？
What do you do?
= What's your occupation?
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