取代 JavaScript，Python成为了被提问最多的编程语

自 2008 年成立以来，Stack Overflow 收到了开发人员提出的数以百万计的问题，那么开发人员最希望在 Stack Overflow 上解决哪些问题呢？为此，我们选择了当前流行的 11 种编程语言，并观察开发人员针对这些编程语言都提了哪些问题？

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（被选择的 11 种编程语言）

就原始问题的数量而言，JavaScript 是 Stack Overflow 中被提问最多的编程语言，主要原因是无论开发人员以何种方式使用 Internet，都需要了解一些 JavaScript。因此在大量不同的应用程序和服务中都可以看见 JavaScript 的身影。

如果我们从时间维度来看，从 2011 年起，Python 在 Stack Overflow 中的提问数量出现了明显的上升，这可能要归因于数据科学的发展。2019 年，Python 成功超越 JavaScript，成为 Stack Overflow 中提问数量最多的编程语言。

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开发人员到底都在问哪些问题？最受质疑的框架、包、函数和方法是什么? 最令开发人员头疼的数据类型是什么？不同语言之间的问题存在哪些共性和差异？

为了搞清楚上述问题，我们从上面这 11 种编程语言的提问中各抽取了投票最高的 1000 个问题，并使用 Python 做了数据清理，然后将这 11000 个问题整合到一个 JavaScript 词云算法中，从中我们得到了一些结论。

JavaScript

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JavaScript 面世已有 23 年，在 Stack Overflow 中也已经有 11 年，其中“jquery”是迄今为止最受质疑的 JavaScript 框架。

Python

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Python 最早出现在 1990 年，如今是数据科学家首选的编程语言之一。Python 的问题比较常出现在连接数据处理库，例如“panda”和“dataframe”。

Python 是一种通用的“胶水”语言，可以应用于不同的技术领域，这也是为什么 Web 开发框架 django 会收到比较多的疑问。

R

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R 语言也是数据科学家常用的编程语言。但与 Python 不同的是，R 语言几乎只用于数据处理，因此关于 R 语言的疑问集中在“dataframe”、“datatable”和“matrix”。

Python 和 R 都有优秀的数据操作库，如果就数据可视化而言，很多人认为 R 语言要优于 Python。但是在 Stack Overflow 中的实际情况是，R 语言中的数据可视化库“ggplot”被开发者提问的最多。

Ruby

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Ruby 出现于 90 年代中期，其获得开发者比较多的关注是在 2005 年，David Heinemeier Hansson(DHH) 发布了基于 Ruby 的开发框架 Ruby on Rails。目前开发者提问最多的也是 Ruby on Rails。

C#

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C# 是微软公司在 2000 年发布的一种面向对象的编程语言，运行于 .NET Framework 和 .NET Core 上。

C++

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C++ 发布于 1985 年，是目前电子游戏开发人员的首选语言。针对 C++，开发人员的提问主要集中在多边形基本构建块 vector，因为多边形是三维视频游戏的基本视觉构建块。

Java

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Java 首次发布于 1995 年，是一种写一次可以在任何地方运行的通用编程语言。Java 是在 90 年代末和万维网早期的 PC 热潮中流行起来的，是许多 Windows 应用程序背后的驱动力。现在，Java 主要被用来开发 Android 应用程序。

Objective-C

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Objective-C 首次发布于 1984 年，是这 11 种编程语言中最古老的。Objective-C 是苹果为 OSX 操作系统提供支持的主要语言，现在主要为 iPhone 上的 iOS 应用程序提供支持。

Swift

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Swift 首次出现于 2014 年，目前在苹果的开发领域已经取代了 Objective-C。

从上面 Swift 的词云中，我们发现了一个很有趣的标签“Objective-C”，可能的原因是很多 iOS 开发者希望通过 Stack Overflow 来学习更多的知识。

PHP

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PHP 首次发布于 1995 年，被设计为用于 web 开发的服务器端脚本语言。当然，PHP 现在的用途仍是如此，所以围绕 PHP 的提问主要集中在“laravel”框架。

SQL

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与前 10 种功能齐全的编程语言不同，SQL 是专为数据操作所设计的。正因为此，SQL 最常见的痛点都围绕着数据库访问，词云中的关键字主要有 sever、mysql、database、query、select 等等。

随着时间的推移，每一种编程语言都有一个十分擅长的使用场景，例如 R 语言和数据科学，Swift 和 iOS 开发，C++ 和视频游戏开发。使用场景不同也解释了为什么大家提问的类型和方向会有所不同。除了差异性，我们也从调查中看到了一些共性的问题，例如在基本的数据类型中，字符串和数组是经常出现的痛点。

附 11000 个问题的词云：

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