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设计模式——简单工厂,工厂方法,抽象工厂

设计模式——简单工厂,工厂方法,抽象工厂

作者: game3108 | 来源:发表于2016-04-11 22:30 被阅读1282次

    前言

    本文csdn地址:http://blog.csdn.net/game3108/article/details/51147953
    设计模式在工作中经常会用到:

    • 创建型模式(5):工厂方法模式、抽象工厂模式、单例模式、建造者模式、原型模式。
    • 结构型模式(7):适配器模式、装饰器模式、代理模式、外观模式、桥接模式、组合模式、享元模式。
    • 行为型模式(11):策略模式、模板方法模式、观察者模式、迭代子模式、责任链模式、命令模式、备忘录模式、状态模式、访问者模式、中介者模式、解释器模式。

    本身设计模式的诞生,也是基于设计模式的六大原则:

    • 单一职责原则(Single Responsibility Principle)
    • 里氏替换原则(Liskov Substitution Principle)
    • 依赖倒置原则(Dependence Inversion Principle)
    • 接口隔离原则(Interface Segregation Principle)
    • 迪米特法则(Law Of Demeter)
    • 开闭原则(Open Close Principle)

    具体这六大原则的含义,可以参考设计模式六大原则

    我自己在用设计模式的过程当中,主要感觉到其实设计模式有以下作用:

    • 更方便模块的复用和测试
    • 方便看懂和修改另一个写的代码!

    本文主要以代码形式实现每一种设计模式,算是自己的一种复习和实践。相应的代码,也会放到github上。
    本文的类图均来自于《Objective-C编程之道 iOS设计模式解析》。

    本篇主要讲:

    • 简单工厂
    • 工厂方法
    • 抽象工厂

    0.简单工厂

    简单工厂本身并不是23种设计模式的一种,更比较像一种编程习惯,但也是经常使用。
    《Head First》的例子:
    客户到pizza store点不同类型的pizza,有cheese的,也有clam的。

    pizza类:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, PizzaType){
        Cheese  = 0,
        Clam    = 1
    };
    
    @interface SFPizza : NSObject
    - (void) prepare;
    - (void) bake;
    - (void) cut;
    - (void) box;
    @end
    
    #import "SFPizza.h"
    
    @interface SFCheesePizza : SFPizza
    
    @end
    
    @interface SFClamPizza : SFPizza
    
    @end
    

    Simple Factory:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "SFPizza.h"
    
    @interface SFPizzaSimpleFactory : NSObject
    - (SFPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType) pizzaType;
    @end
    
    #import "SFPizzaSimpleFactory.h"
    #import "SFCheesePizza.h"
    #import "SFClamPizza.h"
    
    @implementation SFPizzaSimpleFactory
    
    - (SFPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType) pizzaType{
        SFPizza *pizza = nil;
        if (pizzaType == Cheese){
            pizza = [[SFCheesePizza alloc]init];
        }else if (pizzaType == Clam){
            pizza = [[SFClamPizza alloc]init];
        }
        return pizza;
    }
    
    @end
    

    Pizza Store:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "SFPizza.h"
    
    @interface SFPizzaStore : NSObject
    - (SFPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType;
    @end
    
    #import "SFPizzaStore.h"
    #import "SFPizzaSimpleFactory.h"
    
    @interface SFPizzaStore(){
        SFPizzaSimpleFactory *_simpleFactory;
    }
    @end
    
    @implementation SFPizzaStore
    
    - (instancetype)init{
        self = [super init];
        if ( self ){
            _simpleFactory = [[SFPizzaSimpleFactory alloc]init];
        }
        return self;
    }
    
    - (SFPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        SFPizza *pizza = [_simpleFactory createPizza:pizzaType];
        
        [pizza prepare];
        [pizza bake];
        [pizza cut];
        [pizza box];
        
        return pizza;
    }
    @end
    

    1.工厂方法

    概念:定义创建对象的接口,让子类决定实例化哪一个类。工厂方法使得一个类的实例化延迟到子类。

    类图:

    Paste_Image.png

    何时使用:

    • 编译时无法准备预期要创建的对象的类
    • 类想让其子类决定在运行时创建什么
    • 类有若干辅助类为子类,而你想将返回哪个子类这一信息局部化

    《Head First》的例子:
    纽约和芝加哥的pizza store有各自差异化的风味,提供当地风格的cheese和clam的pizza。

    pizza类:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, PizzaType){
        Cheese  = 0,
        Clam    = 1
    };
    
    @interface FMPizza : NSObject
    - (void) prepare;
    - (void) bake;
    - (void) cut;
    - (void) box;
    @end
    
    #import "FMPizza.h"
    
    @interface FMNYCheesePizza : FMPizza
    
    @end
    
    @interface FMNYClamPizza : FMPizza
    
    @end
    
    @interface FMChicagoCheesePizza : FMPizza
    
    @end
    
    @interface FMChicagoClamPizza : FMPizza
    
    @end
    

    pizza store抽象:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "FMPizza.h"
    
    @protocol FMPizzaStore <NSObject>
    - (FMPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType;
    - (FMPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType;
    @end
    

    pizza store实现:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "FMPizzaStore.h"
    
    @interface FMNYPizzaStore : NSObject<FMPizzaStore>
    
    @end
    
    #import "FMNYPizzaStore.h"
    #import "FMNYCheesePizza.h"
    #import "FMNYClamPizza.h"
    
    @implementation FMNYPizzaStore
    - (FMPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        FMPizza *pizza = nil;
        if (pizzaType == Cheese){
            pizza = [[FMNYCheesePizza alloc]init];
        } else if (pizzaType == Clam){
            pizza = [[FMNYClamPizza alloc]init];
        }
        return pizza;
    }
    - (FMPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        FMPizza *pizza = [self createPizza:pizzaType];
        
        [pizza prepare];
        [pizza bake];
        [pizza cut];
        [pizza box];
        
        return pizza;
    }
    @end
    
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "FMPizzaStore.h"
    
    @interface FMChicagoPizzaStore : NSObject<FMPizzaStore>
    
    @end
    
    #import "FMChicagoPizzaStore.h"
    #import "FMChicagoCheesePizza.h"
    #import "FMChicagoClamPizza.h"
    
    @implementation FMChicagoPizzaStore
    - (FMPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        FMPizza *pizza = nil;
        if (pizzaType == Cheese){
            pizza = [[FMChicagoCheesePizza alloc]init];
        } else if (pizzaType == Clam){
            pizza = [[FMChicagoClamPizza alloc]init];
        }
        return pizza;
    }
    - (FMPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        FMPizza *pizza = [self createPizza:pizzaType];
        
        [pizza prepare];
        [pizza bake];
        [pizza cut];
        [pizza box];
        
        return pizza;
    }
    @end
    

    2.抽象工厂

    概念:提供一个创建一系列相关或相互以来对象的接口,而无需指定它们的具体的类。

    类图:

    Paste_Image.png

    何时使用:

    • 系统需要屏蔽有关对象如何创建,如何组织和如何表达
    • 系统需要由关联的多个对象来构成
    • 有关联的多个对象需要一起应用并且它们的约束是强迫的(不可分离)。
    • 你想提供一组对象而不显示它们的实现过程,只显示它们的接口。

    抽象工厂和工厂方法的区别:
    抽象工厂:

    • 通过对象组合创建抽象产品
    • 创建多系列产品
    • 必须修改父类的接口才能支持新的产品

    工厂方法:

    • 通过类继承创建抽象产品
    • 创建一种产品
    • 子类化创建者并重载工厂方法以创建新的产品

    《Head First》的例子:
    纽约和芝加哥的pizza store提供的cheese和clam的pizza,但原料不同,做出来的pizza也不同。

    原料类:

    @interface AFCheese : NSObject
    @end
    @interface AFNYCheese : AFCheese
    @end
    @interface AFChicagoCheese : AFCheese
    @end
    
    @interface AFClam : NSObject
    @end
    @interface AFNYClam : AFClam
    @end
    @interface AFChicagoClam : AFClam
    @end
    
    @interface AFSauce : NSObject
    @end
    

    pizza类:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFCheese.h"
    #import "AFClam.h"
    #import "AFSauce.h"
    #import "AFPizzaIngredientFactory.h"
    
    typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, PizzaType){
        Cheese  = 0,
        Clam    = 1
    };
    
    @interface AFPizza : NSObject
    @property (nonatomic, strong) AFCheese  *cheese;
    @property (nonatomic, strong) AFClam    *clam;
    @property (nonatomic, strong) AFSauce   *sauce;
    - (instancetype)initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:(id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>) factory;
    - (void) prepare;
    - (void) bake;
    - (void) cut;
    - (void) box;
    @end
    
    #import "AFPizza.h"
    
    @implementation AFPizza
    - (instancetype)initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:(id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>) factory{
        self = [super init];
        return self;
    }
    - (void) prepare{
    }
    - (void) bake{
        NSLog(@"start bake");
    }
    - (void) cut{
        NSLog(@"start cut");
    }
    - (void) box{
        NSLog(@"start box");
    }
    @end
    

    pizza 子类:

    #import "AFPizza.h"
    
    @interface AFCheesePizza : AFPizza
    @end
    
    #import "AFCheesePizza.h"
    
    @interface AFCheesePizza(){
        id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory> _factory;
    }
    @end
    
    @implementation AFCheesePizza
    
    - (instancetype)initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:(id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>) factory{
        self = [super init];
        if (self){
            _factory = factory;
        }
        return self;
    }
    
    - (void)prepare{
        self.cheese = [_factory createCheese];
        self.sauce  = [_factory createSource];
    }
    @end
    
    #import "AFPizza.h"
    
    @interface AFClamPizza : AFPizza
    @end
    
    #import "AFClamPizza.h"
    
    @interface AFClamPizza(){
        id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory> _factory;
    }
    @end
    
    @implementation AFClamPizza
    
    - (instancetype)initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:(id<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>) factory{
        self = [super init];
        if (self){
            _factory = factory;
        }
        return self;
    }
    
    - (void)prepare{
        self.clam   = [_factory createClam];
        self.sauce  = [_factory createSource];
    }
    @end
    

    pizza ingredient factory 抽象

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    @class AFCheese;
    @class AFClam;
    @class AFSauce;
    
    @protocol AFPizzaIngredientFactory
    - (AFCheese *)  createCheese;
    - (AFClam *)    createClam;
    - (AFSauce *)   createSource;
    @end
    

    pizza ingredient factory 实现

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFPizzaIngredientFactory.h"
    
    @interface AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory : NSObject<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>
    
    @end
    
    #import "AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory.h"
    #import "AFNYCheese.h"
    #import "AFNYClam.h"
    #import "AFSauce.h"
    
    @implementation AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory
    - (AFCheese *) createCheese{
        return [[AFNYCheese alloc]init];
    }
    - (AFClam *) createClam{
        return [[AFNYClam alloc]init];
    }
    - (AFSauce *) createSource{
        return [[AFSauce alloc]init];
    }
    @end
    
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFPizzaIngredientFactory.h"
    
    @interface AFChicagoIngredientFactory : NSObject<AFPizzaIngredientFactory>
    
    @end
    
    #import "AFChicagoIngredientFactory.h"
    #import "AFChicagoCheese.h"
    #import "AFChicagoClam.h"
    #import "AFSauce.h"
    
    @implementation AFChicagoIngredientFactory
    - (AFCheese *) createCheese{
        return [[AFChicagoCheese alloc]init];
    }
    - (AFClam *) createClam{
        return [[AFChicagoClam alloc]init];
    }
    - (AFSauce *) createSource{
        return [[AFSauce alloc]init];
    }
    @end
    

    pizza store抽象:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFPizza.h"
    
    @protocol AFPizzaStore
    - (AFPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType;
    - (AFPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType;
    @end
    

    pizza store实现:

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFPizzaStore.h"
    
    @interface AFNYPizzaStore : NSObject<AFPizzaStore>
    @end
    
    #import "AFNYPizzaStore.h"
    #import "AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory.h"
    #import "AFCheesePizza.h"
    #import "AFClamPizza.h"
    
    @implementation AFNYPizzaStore
    - (AFPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        AFPizza *pizza = nil;
        AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory *factory = [[AFNYPizzaIngredientFactory alloc]init];
        
        if ( pizzaType == Cheese ){
            pizza = [[AFCheesePizza alloc]initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:factory];
        }else if ( pizzaType == Clam ){
            pizza = [[AFClamPizza alloc]initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:factory];
        }
        
        return pizza;
    }
    - (AFPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        AFPizza *pizza = [self createPizza:pizzaType];
        
        [pizza prepare];
        [pizza bake];
        [pizza cut];
        [pizza box];
        
        return pizza;
    }
    @end
    
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    #import "AFPizzaStore.h"
    
    @interface AFChicagoPizzaStore : NSObject<AFPizzaStore>
    
    @end
    
    #import "AFChicagoPizzaStore.h"
    #import "AFChicagoIngredientFactory.h"
    #import "AFCheesePizza.h"
    #import "AFClamPizza.h"
    
    @implementation AFChicagoPizzaStore
    - (AFPizza *) createPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        AFPizza *pizza = nil;
        AFChicagoIngredientFactory *factory = [[AFChicagoIngredientFactory alloc]init];
        
        if ( pizzaType == Cheese ){
            pizza = [[AFCheesePizza alloc]initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:factory];
        }else if ( pizzaType == Clam ){
            pizza = [[AFClamPizza alloc]initWithPizzaIngredientFactory:factory];
        }
        
        return pizza;
    }
    - (AFPizza *) orderPizza:(PizzaType)pizzaType{
        AFPizza *pizza = [self createPizza:pizzaType];
        
        [pizza prepare];
        [pizza bake];
        [pizza cut];
        [pizza box];
        
        return pizza;
    }
    @end
    

    一些个人总结

    1.什么时候会去用工厂模式?(简单工厂,工厂方法,抽象工厂)
    为了不再需要直接创建对象,降低代码耦合度。对于创建多种具有同一系列行为的物体,使用工厂方法。对于产品族使用抽象工厂。
    2.简单工厂的缺点
    简单工厂主要违反了开闭原则:对扩展开放,对修改关闭。添加一种对象,就要去修改简单工厂中的获取对象方法。

    参考资料

    1.《Objective-C编程之道 iOS设计模式解析》
    2.《Head First设计模式》
    3.设计模式六大原则
    4.设计模式六大原则

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