上一节课讲解了英语里表示能力的capacity, capability, ability 这3个单词的词义和用法的辨析，记得随时复习巩固加深印象。在平时的生活中，我们经常会用“十分好”“特别棒”来表达自己的赞叹，用英语表示就可以为“very good”“quite good”等等，那使用这些表达有什么需要注意的地方吗？我们一起在本节课找答案吧。
本节辨析：
quite, fairly, rather, very, extremely
👉 1. quite
UK /kwaɪt/ US /kwaɪt/ adv. 相当，挺
使用语境：父母鼓励孩子时，或领导鼓励下属时。
① That’s quite good. Sweet heart. Carry on.
真不错啊！宝贝儿，接着画。
去英国家庭做客，主人问你：How was the dinner？
你回答：Quite good！ 潜台词：晚饭挺不怎么样的（继续努力）。
主人的表情：
其实你应该说：The dinner was absolutely wonderful！
The beef was so succulent. It was incredible.
你这晚饭真是绝对的美妙啊。那牛肉如此之嫩，令人难以置信。
quite/fairly/rather 后接形容词时可互换：
quite/fairly/rather warm 挺热
quite/fairly/rather big 挺大
quite/fairly/rather attractive 挺有吸引力的
quite/fairly/rather 后接形容词+名词区别：
(1) quite+冠词+形容词+名词
quite a different person很不相同的一个人
quite the opposite 几乎完全相反
(2) 冠词+fairly+形容词+名词
a fairly different person 很不相同的一个人
They like the fairly warm weather.
他们喜欢相当温暖的天气。
(3) rather+冠词+形容词+名词；（不是很好掌握）
或冠词+rather+形容词+名词
He's rather an unpleasant man.
他是一个挺讨人厌的男子。
It is a rather expensive table.
这是一张挺昂贵的桌子。
(4) 顺口溜：快快管，管发发，拉管拉。
👉 2. very
UK /ˈveri/ US /ˈveri/
adv. 很大程度上，很，非常（程度大大超过了quite/fairly/rather）
👉 3. extremely
UK /ɪkˈstriːmli/ US /ɪkˈstriːmli/
adv. 极端地（用来加重语气或者感情色彩，并不一定是科学定义里的极端）
① The dinner was extremely good. Thank you!
晚餐真的是太棒了。谢谢！
② 试比较：
They have a very big house.
（客观评论房子大小）
They have an extremely big house.
（带有感情色彩）
【练习】
1. 工厂里有一个相当大的餐厅。
（分别用quite/fairly/rather造句）
2. 他们很快地完成了任务。
（带有感情色彩）
【参考答案】
1. There is quite a big canteen at the factory.
= There is a fairly big canteen at the factory.
= There is rather a big canteen at the factory.
= There is a rather big canteen at the factory.
2. They completed the task extremely quickly.
（这里用very就会显得平淡，听上去不像是赞扬。）
在年初的一次竞选活动中，特朗普儿媳劳拉，当众讽刺了总统竞选者乔·拜登的口吃历史。她的话惹恼了许多人，其中包括传奇飞行员萨利机长。萨利机长在美国有着崇高地位，他曾沉着处理，避免了一场空难，让155人全部生还。从小也有口吃的萨利机长，在《纽约时报》上发表文章力挺拜登。他说，口吃是可以克服的，而且不妨碍他成为一名优秀飞行员；但在公众面前嘲笑他人，却会对全国许多孩子造成伤害。我们今天要读的，就是萨利机长的这篇文章。
Capt. ‘Sully’ Sullenberger: Like Joe Biden, I Once Stuttered, Too. I Dare You to Mock Me.
萨利机长：像乔·拜登一样，我也曾口吃。我谅你也不敢嘲笑我。
By Chesley B. Sullenberger III
👉 1.stutter UK /ˈstʌtə/ US /ˈstʌtər/
vi. 口吃（pause before you speak or repeat several times）
英式英语用：
stammer vi. 口吃
👉 2.mock UK /mɒk/ US /mɑːk/
vt. 嘲笑，取笑（copy and laugh at sb.）
👉 3.dare UK /deə/ US /der/
vt. 问……有没有胆量（做）（to ask sb. to do sth. that involves risk）
I dare you to ask her to dance.
我谅你也不敢请她跳舞。
What might a child who stutters, as I did, feel when they hear a grown-up on a public stage trying to make a bunch of other adults laugh by ridiculing a public figure who also stutters?
对于和曾经的我一样患有口吃的孩子来说，当他们听到一个大人在公众舞台上嘲笑一位口吃的公众人物，试图以此逗乐一群成年听众时，会做何感想？
👉 4. a bunch of
一群（a group of people）；一串
🌰 a bunch of keys 一串钥匙
🌰 a friendly bunch of people 一群友好的人
🌰 Qi Baishi, China’s painting master, always hung a bunch of keys on his girdle.
中国绘画大师齐白石的腰带上总是挂着一大串钥匙。
👉 5. ridicule UK /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/ US /ˈrɪdəkjuːl/
vt. 嘲笑（to laugh at sb.）
Trump was mocked and ridiculed on his first official UK visit.
特朗普在第一次正式访问英国时受到了嘲笑和奚落。
He will probably be the most ridiculed president ever.
他可能是有史以来最受嘲笑的总统。
ridiculous adj. 可笑的，荒唐的
👉 6. a public figure
一个公众人物
Vice President Biden has spoken openly — and courageously, in my view — about the pain of his severe childhood stutter. He takes time to reach out to children who have suffered as he did.
美国前副总统乔·拜登曾公开地——在我看来也是勇敢地——谈论他童年时期所患的严重口吃给自己带来的痛苦。他花时间去帮助那些和他遭受了同样痛苦的孩子。
👉 7. courageously UK /kəˈreɪdʒəsli/ US /kəˈreɪdʒəsli/
adv. 勇敢地
👉 8. reach out to sb.
对某人感兴趣，愿意提供援助（to show sb. that you are interested in them and/or want to help them）
Now he is reaching out to those who want help starting a business.
他现在开始帮助那些想要创业的人。
As I grew older, I learned to manage and overcome my stuttering, through much hard work and intense focus. I learned to slow down and to enunciate each word with precision. I joined the church choir, and found that singing helped me to practice controlling my breath, and the formation of words. I learned to resist and overcome the bullying.
随着年龄的增长，我通过大量努力和专注练习，学会了去控制并克服自己的口吃。我学会了放慢语速，准确发好每个单词的音。我加入了教堂的唱诗班，发现唱歌可以帮助我练习控制呼吸、成词。我学会了抵制和克服欺凌。
👉 9. enunciate UK /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/ US /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/
vt. 清晰地发音（pronounce words clearly and carefully）
👉 10. precision UK /prɪˈsɪʒən/ US /prəˈsɪʒən/
n. 准确度
👉 11. church choir
教堂唱诗班，教堂合唱团
choir n. 合唱团（a musical ensemble of singers）
👉 12. bullying UK /ˈbʊliɪŋ/ US /ˈbʊliɪŋ/
n. 欺负
The fact that I once stuttered did not keep me from being a successful U.S. Air Force fighter pilot.
我曾患口吃的事实，并没有阻挡我成为一名成功的美国空军战斗机飞行员。
👉 13. keep sb. from doing sth.
阻止某人做某事
Health problems kept him from traveling.
他因为身体健康问题而不能去旅行。
So, to every child who feels today, what I felt, after hearing those cruel remarks by an adult who should know better, here is what I want you to know:
因此，对于每一个现在有着和我过去同样感受的孩子，在听到一名理当更明事理的成年人说出那些残酷的话后，我想让你们明白：
👉 14. cruel UK /ˈkruːəl/ US /ˈkruːəl/
adj. 残酷的
people who are cruel to animals 对动物残忍的人
You are fine, just as you are. You can do any job you dream of when you grow up. A speech disorder is a lot easier to treat than a character defect. You become a true leader, not because of how you speak, but because of what you have to say — and the challenges you have overcome to help others.
你本来的样子就很好。长大后，你可以做任何你梦想的工作。语言障碍比性格缺陷更容易治疗。你成为一名真正的领导者，不是因为你说话的方式，而是因为你说的话——以及你为帮助他人而克服的挑战。
👉 15. disorder UK /dɪˈsɔːdə/ US /dɪˈsɔːrdər/
n. 混乱（a state of confusion）
The world economy is in disorder.
世界经济陷入混乱。
👉 16. defect UK /ˈdiːfekt/ US /ˈdiːfekt/
n. 缺陷
genetic defects 基因缺陷
birth defects 先天性缺陷
📌 Most common defects of character（常见性格缺陷）：
Resentment, coward, self-pity, self-justification, self-importance, self-condemnation, dishonesty, impatience, jealousy, laziness, procrastination, insincerity, intolerance, gossip and greed.
【拓展】
the miracle on the Hudson 哈德逊河奇迹
a skeleton in the closet 家丑
🌿 拜登妈妈对他说：
“Joey, remember you are defined by your courage and redeemed by your loyalty.”
🌿 拜登本人对口吃的看法：
“Things that people cannot control, it’s not their fault. No one has a right to mock it or make fun of it no matter who they are.”
🌿 奥巴马评价拜登的话：
"Through all his trials ... the young father who took the train home each night so he could tuck his children into bed."
📌 萨利机长的秘诀：
1. Setting clear priorities.
"I chose to do only the highest priority items and then I had the discipline to ignore everything I did not have time to do."
2. Never stop acquiring knowledge.
"I'm also well-read and I knew the neurobiology. I knew that multitasking is a myth. We are switching rapidly between tasks, not doing any of them well."
围棋大师吴清源告诫聂卫平：“博二兔，不得一兔。”
📌 罗素（Bertrand Russell）的三大追求：
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.
🎬 推荐影片：
影片根据真实事件改编，2009年1月15日，萨利（汤姆·汉克斯 Tom Hanks 饰）在全美航空1549号班担任机长，飞机起飞两分钟后遭到飞鸟攻击，两架发动机全部熄火，萨利决定在哈德逊河上迫降，155人全数生还。但之后的调查显示他做了错误的抉择，认为大可选择返回拉瓜地亚机场。机内到底发生了什么呢？
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