一、 显示数据
ng的模版中,默认用双大括号{{}}绑定组件中的变量显示出来
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<h2>My favorite hero is: {{myHero}}</h2>
`,
styles: [`h1 { color: red }`]
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'Tour of Heroes';
myHero = 'Windstorm';
}
模板来源
ng的模版和样式可以是内联(上述示例),也可以是单独的文件
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss']
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'Tour of Heroes';
myHero = 'Windstorm';
}
二、模板语法
1. 模板中的 HTML
大部分html标签都能在模版中使用,但有一些是毫无意义的:
html body script base
2. 插值 {{...}} 和模板表达式
a. 绑定变量
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<h2>My favorite hero is: {{myHero}}</h2>
`,
styles: [`h1 { color: red }`]
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'Tour of Heroes';
myHero = 'Windstorm';
}
b. 绑定方法
模版中除了绑定变量,还能绑定方法
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<div>Value: {{ getVal() }}/div>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
getVal(): number {
return 33;
}
}
c. 模板表达式
模版中还可以写些简单的逻辑,比如判断或运算
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<p>The sum of 1 + 1 is {{1 + 1}}.</p>
<p>price的7折 {{price * 0.7}}.</p>
<p>与方法结合 {{price * 0.7 + getVal()}}.</p>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
price = 30
getVal(): number {
return 33;
}
}
当使用模板表达式时,请遵循下列指南:
- 非常简单
- 执行迅速
- 没有可见的副作用(即模版中的逻辑不能改变组件的变量)
3、绑定语法
a. 绑定属性
绑定图片
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<img src="../assets/images/madao.jpg" alt="madao" />
<img [src]="madaoSrc" alt="madao" />
<img bind-src="madaoSrc" alt="madao" />
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
madaoSrc = '../assets/images/madao.jpg';
}
绑定普通属性
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<img [src]="user.pic" [alt]="user.name" />
<table class="table-bordered">
<tr>
<th>name</th>
<th>phone</th>
<th>age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>张三</td>
<td>13398490594</td>
<td>33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td [colSpan]="colSpan">李四</td>
<td>15079049984</td>
<td>22</td>
</tr>
</table>
<button class="btn btn-primary" [disabled]="isDisabled">click</button>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
madaoSrc = '../assets/images/madao.jpg';
user = {
name: 'madao',
pic: this.madaoSrc
};
colSpan = 2;
isDisabled = false;
}
绑定自定义属性
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<span [attr.data-title]="customTitle">一行文字</span>
<span [attr.title]="customTitle">test title</span>
<span [title]="customTitle">test title</span>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
madaoSrc = '../assets/images/madao.jpg';
customTitle = 'bbb';
}
使用插值表达式绑定属性
插值也可以用于属性,但常规做法还是用中括号[],建议整个项目保持风格统一
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<img src="{{ user.pic }}" alt="{{ user.name }}" />
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
madaoSrc = '../assets/images/madao.jpg';
user = {
name: 'madao',
pic: this.madaoSrc
};
}
<img [src]="' madao'" [alt]="user"/>等价于
<img src="madao" [alt]="'user' + user2.pic" />
b. 绑定样式class,style
绑定单个class
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-primary]="theme === 'primary'">Primary</button>
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-secondary]="true">secondary</button>
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-success]="isSuccess">success</button>
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-danger]="'啦啦啦'">danger</button>
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-danger]="0">danger</button>
<button type="button" class="btn" [class.btn-danger]="undefined">danger</button>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
theme = 'primary';
isSuccess = true;
}
绑定多个class
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<button type="button" [class]="btnCls">btnCls</button>
<button type="button" [class]="btnCls2">btnCls2</button>
<button type="button" [class]="btnCls3">btnCls3</button>
<!-- 也可以用内置指令ngClass -->
<button type="button" [ngClass]="btnCls">btnCls</button>
<button type="button" [ngClass]="btnCls2">btnCls2</button>
<button type="button" [ngClass]="btnCls3">btnCls3</button>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
btnCls = 'btn btn-primary';
btnCls2 = ['btn', 'btn-success'];
btnCls3 = {
btn: true,
'btn-info': true
};
}
绑定单个style
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<p [style.color]="'#f60'">一段文字</p>
<p [style.height]="'50px'" [style.border]="'1px solid'">设置高度</p>
<p [style.height.px]="50" [style.border]="'1px solid'">设置高度</p>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {}
绑定多个style
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<p [style]="style1">style1</p>
<p [style]="style2">style2</p>
<p [style]="style3">style3</p>
<!-- 也可以用内置指令ngStyle, 但不推荐,以后可能会弃用 -->
<!-- <p [ngStyle]="style1">style1</p>-->
<!-- <p [ngStyle]="style2">style2</p>-->
<!-- ngStyle只接收对象 -->
<p [ngStyle]="style3">style3</p>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
style1 = 'width: 200px;height: 50px;text-align: center;border: 1px solid;';
style2 = ['width', '200px', 'height', '50px', 'text-align', 'center', 'border', '1px solid']; // 有问题
style3 = {
width: '200px',
height: '50px',
'text-align': 'center',
border: '1px solid'
};
}
样式优先级
- 某个类或样式绑定越具体,它的优先级就越高
- 绑定总是优先于静态属性
c. 绑定事件
基本用法
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" (click)="onClick()">Primary</button>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
onClick() {
console.log('onClick');
}
}
事件对象
$event就是原生的事件对象
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" (click)="onClick($event)">Primary</button>
`,
styles: []
})
export class AppComponent {
onClick(event: MouseEvent) {
console.log('onClick', event.target);
}
}
阻止事件冒泡
<div (click)="clickParent($event)" class="wrap" style="width: 200px;background-color: #0c5460;">
<div (click) = "clickChild($event)" class="child" style="width: 100px;height: 200px;background-color: #ff8f77;"></div>
<!-- <div (click) = "clickChild($event.stopPropagation())" class="child" style="width: 100px;height: 200px;background-color: #ff8f77;"></div> -->
</div>
clickParent(event: MouseEvent){
event.stopPropsgation();
console.log("parent")
}
clickChild(event: MouseEvent){
event.stopPropsgation();
console.log("child")
}
不是所有元素 event.target都有value
<input type="text" (keyup)="onKeyup($event)">
onKeyup(event:KeyboardEvent){
console.log("onInput:",(event.target as HTMLInputElement).value);
}
<!-- onInput(event:keyboardEvent) {
console.log('onInput',event.target.value);
} -->
4 .输入输出(@Input和Output)
输入属性
子组件中:
import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<p>
Today's item: {{item}}
</p>`
})
export class ItemDetailComponent {
@Input() item: string; // decorate the property with @Input()
}
父组件中:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<app-item-detail [item]="currentItem"></app-item-detail>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
currentItem = 'Television';
}
输出属性
子组件中:
import { Component, Output, EventEmitter } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<label>Add an item: <input #newItem></label>
<button (click)="addNewItem(newItem.value)">Add to parent's list</button>`,
})
export class ItemOutputComponent {
@Output() newItemEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();
addNewItem(value: string) {
this.newItemEvent.emit(value);
}
}
父组件中:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<app-item-output (newItemEvent)="addItem($event)"></app-item-output>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
items = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'];
addItem(newItem: string) {
this.items.push(newItem);
}
}
在元数据中声明输入和输出属性
固然可以在 @Directive 和 @Component 元数据中声明 inputs 和 outputs,但不推荐示例请看视频演示
提供别名
@Input()和@Output()可以接收一个参数,作为变量的别名,那么父组件中只能用别名绑定
子组件中:
import { Component, Input, EventEmitter, Output } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<p>
Today's item: {{item}}
</p>`
})
export class ItemDetailComponent {
@Input('aliasItem') item: string; // decorate the property with @Input()
@Output('newItem') newItemEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();
addNewItem(value: string) {
this.newItemEvent.emit(value);
}
}
父组件中:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<app-item-detail [aliasItem]="currentItem" (newItem)="addItem($event)"></app-item-detail>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
currentItem = 'Television';
items = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'];
addItem(newItem: string) {
this.items.push(newItem);
}
}
输入属性一定要用中括号[]绑定?
如果绑定的值是静态的,就不需要[]
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<app-item-detail item="static item"></app-item-detail>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {
// currentItem = 'Television';
}
5.基本双向绑定
子组件中:
import {Component, OnInit, ChangeDetectionStrategy, EventEmitter, Input, Output} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-sizer',
template: `
<div>
<button class="btn btn-danger" (click)="dec()" title="smaller">-</button>
<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="inc()" title="bigger">+</button>
<label [style.font-size.px]="size">FontSize: {{size}}px</label>
</div>
`,
styles: [
],
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush
})
export class SizerComponent implements OnInit {
@Input() size: number | string;
// 想要用双向绑定语法,output变量名就一定是输入属性名加上Change
@Output() sizeChange = new EventEmitter<number>();
constructor() { }
ngOnInit(): void {
}
dec() { this.resize(-1); }
inc() { this.resize(+1); }
resize(delta: number) {
this.size = Math.min(40, Math.max(8, +this.size + delta));
this.sizeChange.emit(this.size);
}
}
父组件中:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `
<app-sizer [(size)]="fontSizePx"></app-sizer>
<div [style.font-size.px]="fontSizePx">Resizable Text</div>
`,
})
export class AppComponent {}
6. 表单双向绑定
基本使用
根据之前基本的双向绑定知识,[(ngModel)]语法可拆解为:
- 名为ngModel的输入属性
- 名为ngModelChange的输出属性
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'example-app',
template: `
<input [(ngModel)]="name" #ctrl="ngModel" required>
<p>Value: {{ name }}</p>
<p>Valid: {{ ctrl.valid }}</p>
<button (click)="setValue()">Set value</button>
`,
})
export class SimpleNgModelComp {
name: string = '';
setValue() {
this.name = 'Nancy';
}
}
<input [(ngModel)]="name" />
上面这行代码相当于: <input [value]="name" (input)="name = $event.target.value" />
在表单中使用
表单中使用[(ngModel)],需要做下面两件事的其中之一:
- 给控件加上name属性
- 将ngModelOptions.standalone设为true
<form>
<form>
<input [(ngModel)]="value" name="name" />
<input [(ngModel)]="value" [ngModelOptions]="{ standalone: true }" />
</form>
</form>
7 *ngIf
基本使用
ngIf是内置的结构型指令,控制宿主元素的添加或删除,取决于绑定的值是否为真
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<div *ngIf="condition">Content to render when condition is true.</div>
`,
})
export class IfComp {
condition = true;
}
扩展写法
*ngIf是个语法糖,上个例子完整的写法如下
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<ng-template [ngIf]="condition">
<div>Content to render when condition is true.</div>
</ng-template>
`,
})
export class IfComp {
condition = true;
}
ng-template是一块内嵌模板,类型是TemplateRef,下文和后面的课程会讲到
ngIfElese
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="condition = !condition">toggle show</button>
<div *ngIf="condition; else elseBlock">condition为真时显示</div>
<ng-template #elseBlock>
<p>condition为假时显示</p>
</ng-template>
`,
})
export class IfComp {
condition = true;
}
ngIfElese(拓展写法)
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="condition = !condition">toggle show</button>
<div *ngIf="condition; else elseBlock">condition为真时显示</div>
<ng-template #elseBlock>
<p>condition为假时显示</p>
</ng-template>
`,
})
export class IfComp {
condition = true;
}
上面例子中的elseBlock并非组件中的某变量,而是TemplateRef的引用
ngIfThen
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<div *ngIf="condition; then thenBlock else elseBlock"></div>
<ng-template #thenBlock>condition为true时显示</ng-template>
<ng-template #elseBlock>condition为false时显示</ng-template>
`,
})
export class IfComp {
condition = true;
}
上面这种写法和ngIfElese实例一样,所以没必要这么写
使用TemplateRef
上面示例中的else 或 then 后面跟的变量都是模板的引用而非组件中的变量,下面演示怎么用组件中的变量
import {Component, OnInit, ChangeDetectionStrategy, ViewChild, TemplateRef, AfterViewInit} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-if',
template: `
<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="condition = !condition">toggle block</button>
<p *ngIf="condition else elseBlocks">{{ condition }} === true 时显示</p>
<ng-template #firstTpl>
<p>{{ condition }} === false 时显示</p>
</ng-template>
`,
})
export class IfComponent implements OnInit, AfterViewInit {
elseBlocks: TemplateRef<any> = null;
@ViewChild('firstTpl', {static: true}) primaryBlock: TemplateRef<any> = null;
condition = false;
constructor() {
}
ngOnInit(): void {
console.log('ngOnInit', this.primaryBlock);
this.elseBlocks = this.primaryBlock;
}
}
8 *ngSwitch
基本使用
ngSwitch是内置的结构型指令,控制显示那个模版,类似js中的switch
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-switch',
template: `
<p>
<input type="radio" name="fruit" value="apple" id="apple" [(ngModel)]="fruit" />
<label for="apple">🍎</label>
</p>
<p>
<input type="radio" name="fruit" value="pear" id="pear" [(ngModel)]="fruit" />
<label for="pear">🍐</label>
</p>
<p>
<input type="radio" name="fruit" value="grape" id="grape" [(ngModel)]="fruit" />
<label for="grape">🍇</label>
</p>
<p>
<input type="radio" name="fruit" value="other" id="other" [(ngModel)]="fruit" />
<label for="other">other</label>
</p>
selected fruit: {{ fruit }}
<div class="content" [ngSwitch]="fruit">
<p *ngSwitchCase="'apple'">这是 苹果</p>
<p *ngSwitchCase="'pear'">这是 梨</p>
<p *ngSwitchCase="'grape'">这是 葡萄</p>
<p *ngSwitchDefault>啥都不是</p>
</div>
`,
})
export class SwitchComponent {
fruit = '';
}
9 *ngFor
基本使用
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
const Heros = [
{
id: 'hero_0',
name: '盖伦'
},
{
id: 'hero_1',
name: '赵信'
},
{
id: 'hero_2',
name: '嘉文'
},
{
id: 'hero_3',
name: '易大师'
},
{
id: 'hero_3',
name: '泰达米尔'
}
];
interface Hero {
id: string;
name: string;
}
@Component({
selector: 'app-switch',
template: `
<ul>
<li *ngFor="let item of heros" [style.color]="item.id === 'hero_2' ? 'orange' : '#333'">{{ item.id }}</li>
</ul>
`,
})
export class SwitchComponent {
heros: Hero[] = Heros;
}
trackBy
trackBy接收一个函数,返回 NgFor 应该跟踪的值(比如id),这样刷新列表时,id相同的dom不会触发更新
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-switch',
template: `
<p>
add hero:
<button class="btn btn-info" (click)="reset()">reset</button>
</p>
<ul>
<li *ngFor="let item of heros; trackBy: trackByHero" [style.color]="item.id === 'hero_2' ? 'orange' : '#333'">{{ item.id }}</li>
</ul>
`,
})
export class SwitchComponent {
heros: Hero[] = Heros;
reset() {
this.heros = [
{
id: 'hero_4',
name: '盖伦4'
},
{
id: 'hero_5',
name: '赵信5'
},
{
id: 'hero_2',
name: '嘉文'
},
{
id: 'hero_6',
name: '易大师6'
},
{
id: 'hero_7',
name: '泰达米尔7'
}
];
}
trackByHero(hero: Hero): string {
return hero.id;
}
}
局部变量
- $implicit: T:迭代目标(绑定到ngForOf)中每个条目的值。
- ngForOf: NgIterable:迭代表达式的值。当表达式不局限于访问某个属性时,这会非常有用,比如在使用 async 管道时(userStreams | async)。
- index: number:可迭代对象中当前条目的索引。
- count: number:可迭代对象的长度。
- first: boolean:如果当前条目是可迭代对象中的第一个条目则为 true。
- last: boolean:如果当前条目是可迭代对象中的最后一个条目则为 true。
- even: boolean:如果当前条目在可迭代对象中的索引号为偶数则为 true。
- odd: boolean:如果当前条目在可迭代对象中的索引号为奇数则为 true。
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-switch',
template: `
<ul>
<li
*ngFor="let item of heros; index as i count as len; let ev = even; let od = odd; let f = first; let l = last trackBy: trackByHero"
[class.even]="ev"
[class.odd]="od">
<p>first: {{ f }} -- last: {{ l }}</p>
<p>name: {{ item.name }}</p>
<p>length: {{ len }}</p>
<p>index: {{ i }}</p>
<hr />
</li>
</ul>
`,
styles: [`
.even {
color: #82fa54;
}
.odd {
color: #698efa;
}
`]
})
export class SwitchComponent {
heros: Hero[] = Heros;
trackByHero(hero: Hero): string {
return hero.id;
}
}
10 模板引用变量
基本使用
使用井号(#)声明模板引用变量,可以获取DOM 元素、指令、组件、TemplateRef 或 Web Component。
之前用到的ng-template上的 # ,就是模板引用变量,并在组件中获取到了对应的TemplateRef
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<input #phone placeholder="phone number" />
<button (click)="callPhone(phone.value)">Call</button>
`,
})
export class TplVarComponent {
constructor() { }
callPhone(value: string) {
console.log('callPhone', value);
}
}
ref
还有种写法就是ref, 下面两种写法是一样的
<input #fax placeholder="fax number" />
<br />
<input ref-fax placeholder="fax number" />
引用组件
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<div class="demo-sec">
<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="sizer.inc()">app inc</button>
<app-sizer [(size)]="size" #sizer></app-sizer>
size: {{ size }}
</div>
`,
})
export class TplVarComponent {
size = 16;
constructor() { }
}
11 模板运算符
管道(|)
管道可以理解为把模板上的值丢进一条或多条管道,经过管道的处理输出一条新的值
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<p>Title through uppercase pipe: {{title | uppercase}}</p>
<p>Title through uppercase pipe: {{title | uppercase | lowercase}}</p>
<p>json: {{ obj | json }}</p>
`,
})
export class TplOperatorsComponent {
title = 'aBc';
obj = {
name: 'aaa',
time: '1980-02-25T05:00:00.000Z',
price: '$333'
};
constructor() {}
}
带参数的管道
如内置的date管道
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<p>Manufacture date with date format pipe: {{now | date:'longDate'}}</p>
<p>Manufacture date with date format pipe: {{now | date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}}</p>
`,
})
export class TplOperatorsComponent {
now = Date.now();
constructor() {}
}
所有内置管道
安全导航运算符(?)
安全导航运算符是 es2020 中的新语法,又叫可选链
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<!--<p *ngIf="hero">hero: {{ hero.name }}</p>-->
<p>hero: {{ hero?.name }}</p>
`,
})
export class TplOperatorsComponent {
hero: Hero;
constructor() {
setTimeout(() => {
this.hero = {
id: 'hero_00',
name: '龙龟'
};
}, 2000);
}
}
非空断言(!)
在ts中,开启--strictNullChecks后,将一个可能是undefined或null的变量赋给一个有确切类型的变量时,会报错
但在特定情况下,我们很确定那个变量一定不是undefined或null,这个时候就可以用非空断言操作符
用了这个操作符的变量,可以理解为叫ts不要去操心了,我这个变量一定是有值的 非空断言生效的前提是开启 --strictNullChecks
使用非空断言的两个步骤:
- tsconfig.json中设置"strictNullChecks": true,
- tslint.json中设置 "no-non-null-assertion": false
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tpl-var',
template: `
<input #phone placeholder="phone number" />
<button (click)="callPhone(phone.value)">Call</button>
`,
})
export class TplOperatorsComponent {
name: string | null = '';
constructor() {
// 报错,this.name可能为null, 不能赋给heroName
const heroName: string = this.name;
// 不报错,告诉ts,this.name一定不是null
const heroName: string = this.name!;
// 以上写法相当于
if (this.name) {
const heroName: string = this.name;
}
}
}
类型转换函数 $any()
有时候,绑定的表达式不能或很难指定类型。要消除这种报错,你可以使用 any()把item视为any类型,避免其报错
<p>The item's undeclared best by date is: {{$any(item).bestByDate}}</p>
也可以用这个函数绑定组件中不存在的变量
<p>The item's undeclared best by date is: {{$any(this).bestByDate}}</p>
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