下面我们来说一下java中的线程池原理。在jdk中提供了工厂类Executors，提供了一些线程池的实现，比如固定大小的线程池
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}
只有一个线程的线程池
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
带缓存的线程池
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}
定时任务的线程池
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}
我们发现，其实除了定时任务的线程池，其他的都是创建了一个ThreadPoolExecutor对象，下面我们就来说一下ThreadPoolExecutor这个类，我们先来看一下这个类的构造方法
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
有几个属性，下面我们就来说一下
private volatile int corePoolSize;
线程池中的核心线程数，当提交一个任务时，线程池创建一个新线程执行任务，直到当前线程数等于corePoolSize；如果当前线程数为corePoolSize，继续提交的任务被保存到阻塞队列中，等待被执行；如果执行了线程池的prestartAllCoreThreads()方法，线程池会提前创建并启动所有核心线程。
private volatile int maximumPoolSize;
线程池中允许的最大线程数。如果当前阻塞队列满了，且继续提交任务，则创建新的线程执行任务，前提是当前线程数小于maximumPoolSize
private volatile long keepAliveTime;
线程空闲时的存活时间，即当线程没有任务执行时，继续存活的时间；默认情况下，该参数只在线程数大于corePoolSize时才有用
TimeUnit，keepAliveTime的单位
private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue;
用来保存等待被执行的任务的阻塞队列，且任务必须实现Runable接口
private volatile ThreadFactory threadFactory;
创建线程的工厂，通过自定义的线程工厂可以给每个新建的线程设置一个具有识别度的线程名。
private volatile RejectedExecutionHandler handler;
线程池的饱和策略，当阻塞队列满了，且没有空闲的工作线程，如果继续提交任务，必须采取一种策略处理该任务，线程池提供了4种策略：
1、AbortPolicy：直接抛出异常，默认策略
2、CallerRunsPolicy：用调用者所在的线程来执行任务
3、DiscardOldestPolicy：丢弃阻塞队列中靠最前的任务，并执行当前任务
4、DiscardPolicy：直接丢弃任务
在ThreadPoolExecutor类中定义了线程池的运行状态
private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));
private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;
private static final int CAPACITY = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;
// runState is stored in the high-order bits
private static final int RUNNING = -1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int SHUTDOWN = 0 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int STOP = 1 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TIDYING = 2 << COUNT_BITS;
private static final int TERMINATED = 3 << COUNT_BITS;
我们来看一下execute方法的实现
public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
/*
* Proceed in 3 steps:
*
* 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
* start a new thread with the given command as its first
* task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
*
* 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
* to double-check whether we should have added a thread
* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
*
* 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
* thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
* and so reject the task.
*/
int c = ctl.get();
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
int recheck = ctl.get();
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
就是根据线程池的运行状态，创建任务，如果阻塞队列满了，且到达最大线程数量了，则执行拒绝策略。
来看一下addWorker方法
boolean workerStarted = false;
boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;
try {
w = new Worker(firstTask);
final Thread t = w.thread;
if (t != null) {
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
// Recheck while holding lock.
// Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if
// shut down before lock acquired.
int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());
if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
workers.add(w);
int s = workers.size();
if (s > largestPoolSize)
largestPoolSize = s;
workerAdded = true;
}
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
if (workerAdded) {
t.start();
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {
if (! workerStarted)
addWorkerFailed(w);
}
return workerStarted;
通过ReentrantLock加锁，然后判断线程状态，将worker加入到HashSet中，然后释放锁，启动线程。
再来看一下runWorker方法
final void runWorker(Worker w) {
Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
Runnable task = w.firstTask;
w.firstTask = null;
w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
boolean completedAbruptly = true;
try {
while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
w.lock();
// If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
// if not, ensure thread is not interrupted. This
// requires a recheck in second case to deal with
// shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
(Thread.interrupted() &&
runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
!wt.isInterrupted())
wt.interrupt();
try {
beforeExecute(wt, task);
Throwable thrown = null;
try {
task.run();
} catch (RuntimeException x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Error x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Throwable x) {
thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {
afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
} finally {
task = null;
w.completedTasks++;
w.unlock();
}
}
completedAbruptly = false;
} finally {
processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
}
}
线程启动后，释放锁，获取第一个任务，加锁，执行run方法，任务执行完释放锁，然后获取阻塞队列里的任务，如果没有，则线程会阻塞等待有线程加入再执行。
再看一下submit方法
public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task);
execute(ftask);
return ftask;
}
把一个Callable对象封装到FutureTask里，然后调用execute方法执行，异步返回执行的结果。
ThreadPoolExecutor的分析就到这里了。
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