@classsmethod
类装饰器:当用此装饰器定义方法时,将类而不是类的实例作为第一个参数,这意味着可以在此方法中直接使用类的属性,而不是特定的实例的属性,因此不必进行硬编码。
@staticmethod
静态装饰器:当用此装饰器定义方法时,不会传递类或实例作为它的参数,这意味着可以在类中放置一个函数。静态方法就是普通的函数,只是碰巧在类的定义体中,而不是在模块层定义。
在《流畅的Python》中,作者对这两个装饰器的评价:classmethod 装饰器非常有用,但是我从未见过不得不用 staticmethod 的情况。如果想定义不需要与类交互的函数,那么在模块中定义就好了。有时,函数虽然从不处理类,但是函数的功能与类紧密相关,因此想把它放在近处。即便如此,在同一模块中的类前面或后面定义函数也就行了。
class Date(object):
def __init__(self, day=0, month=0, year=0):
self.day = day
self.month = month
self.year = year
@classmethod
def from_string(cls, date_as_string):
day, month, year = map(int, date_as_string.split('-'))
date1 = cls(day, month, year)
return date1
@staticmethod
def is_date_valid(date_as_string):
day, month, year = map(int, date_as_string.split('-'))
return day <= 31 and month <= 12 and year <= 3999
date2 = Date.from_string('11-09-2012')
is_date = Date.is_date_valid('11-09-2012')
使用静态方法写基类,注意静态方法使用了实例的硬编码。
class Date:
def __init__(self, month, day, year):
self.month = month
self.day = day
self.year = year
def display(self):
return "{0}-{1}-{2}".format(self.month, self.day, self.year)
@staticmethod
def millenium(month, day):
return Date(month, day, 2000)
new_year = Date(1, 1, 2013) # Creates a new Date object
millenium_new_year = Date.millenium(1, 1) # also creates a Date object.
# Proof:
new_year.display() # "1-1-2013"
millenium_new_year.display() # "1-1-2000"
isinstance(new_year, Date) # True
isinstance(millenium_new_year, Date) # True
继承之后,millenium方法就用不了了。
class DateTime(Date):
def display(self):
return "{0}-{1}-{2} - 00:00:00PM".format(self.month, self.day, self.year)
datetime1 = DateTime(10, 10, 1990)
datetime2 = DateTime.millenium(10, 10)
isinstance(datetime1, DateTime) # True
isinstance(datetime2, DateTime) # False
datetime1.display() # returns "10-10-1990 - 00:00:00PM"
datetime2.display() # returns "10-10-2000" because it's not a DateTime object but a Date object.
改成类方法,
@classmethod
def millenium(cls, month, day):
return cls(month, day, 2000)
就正确了
datetime1 = DateTime(10, 10, 1990)
datetime2 = DateTime.millenium(10, 10)
isinstance(datetime1, DateTime) # True
isinstance(datetime2, DateTime) # True
datetime1.display() # "10-10-1990 - 00:00:00PM"
datetime2.display() # "10-10-2000 - 00:00:00PM"
代码来自下面的链接,答的很赞:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12179271/meaning-of-classmethod-and-staticmethod-for-beginner/
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