Various word of “除了”

There are many kinds of word about “除了”，“except、except for 、besides、apart from、other than etc. However ，How to use these words，It confused me a lot of time. now I will share some my own opinion to you and I hope it works to you.

except：除了（通常不用于句首）。  usage：～to do/～do /～ clause（从句）

except表示“从所提到的人或事物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。

For instance：we are all in the room except Lily.

except for：除了…之外.                    usage：～ noun /～pronoun

Other than：含义与except／but相同，都表示从总体中除去一部分                        usage：～ noun /～pronoun / ～to do/～ clause

Besides：除了 …还有（否定句中与不同，except同义 除…之外）｛～ do/～ doing/～clause｝

besides表示“除了……之外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的

For instance：

Besides Nancy I also participated the party.除了南希我也参加了聚会

No one passed the English exam besides me.没有人通过英语考试除了我

若句中没有实义动词do的某种形式except后接动词不定式而besides后接动词的-ing形式。

I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.

若句中有实义动词do的某种形式二者后面都可以接动词原形。

She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.

apart from：兼有besides和except for两种含义Usage：～noun/～pronoun/～doing