nuitka使用参考（windows）
安装
安装C编译器
页面拉到最下面，目前最新版本为8.1.0，
x86_64-posix-sjlj
x86_64-posix-seh
x86_64-win32-sjlj
x86_64-win32-seh
i686-posix-sjlj
i686-posix-dwarf
i686-win32-sjlj
i686-win32-dwarf
附上版本区别详解供参考
64位系统建议选择x86_64-posix-sjlj
32位系统建议选择i686-posix-sjlj
官方文档中说要设置一下环境变量，实际使用过程中发现不设置也可以正常使用
安装python
下载python，同样按自己系统下载对应的版本
安装nuitka
python -m pip install nuitka
如果是anaconda
conda install -c conda-forge nuitka
简单测试
新建hello.py
def talk(message):
return "Talk " + message
先直接用python运行，看看有没有语法错误
python hello.py
然后进行构建
nuitka hello.py
命令结束后会生成一个exe，运行exe和执行上面第一条命令效果一样。
复杂一点的测试，引用一个模块
为了测试模块引用，我们将上面的文件拆分成两部分
新建mdl.py
def talk(message):
return "Talk " + message
hello.py
from mdl import talk
def main():
print( talk("Hello World"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
同样按上面的顺序进行构建
先直接用python运行，看看有没有语法错误
python hello.py
然后进行构建
nuitka hello.py
使用这条命令生成的exe可以正常运行。
但如果将生成的exe拷贝到其他路径执行，将会执行失败，提示找不到mdl模块，这是因为使用上述命令生成的exe里面是并不包含上面的mdl模块，于是在执行该exe的时候，它会尝试去调用mdl.py,如果找不到mdl.py，当然就会提示找不到模块，这和py文件的执行原理是一样的。
exe同级目录下面会有一个python3x.dll文件，执行exe文件时，如果需要调用外部模块，需要这个文件的支持。
关于python3x.dll
python3x.dll是与版本相对应的，如果是python3.8.3，那么就是python38.dll。实际上，这个文件和python安装目录下面的python3x.dll是同一个文件（的拷贝）。python3x.dll相当于一个运行时（runtime），类似于javac，或者微软的framwork，python代码通过nuitka生成了二进制代码（exe或者pyd），但仍然通过python3x.dll保留了python的特性，比如调用一个python模块
现在将整个目录拷贝到其他路径，可以发现exe能够正常执行，因为此时exe文件能够通过python3x.dll找到mdl.py。
如果不想借助python3x.dll去调用模块，就要将这个模块打包进exe
nuitka --follow-import-to=mdl hello.py
再次将生成的exe单独拷贝到其他地方执行，可以看到能够正常运行，此时不再需要拷贝python3x.dll和其他任何的文件。
打包模块与follow import
上面的命令中使用了参数--follow-import-to，这个参数位于Control the recursion into imported modules这一部分，这部分参数一共有五个
--follow-stdlib, --recurse-stdlib
Also descend into imported modules from standard
library. This will increase the compilation time by a
lot. Defaults to off.
--nofollow-imports, --recurse-none
When --recurse-none is used, do not descend into any
imported modules at all, overrides all other recursion
options. Defaults to off.
--follow-imports, --recurse-all
When --recurse-all is used, attempt to descend into
all imported modules. Defaults to off.
--follow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
Recurse to that module, or if a package, to the whole
package. Can be given multiple times. Default empty.
--nofollow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-not-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
Do not recurse to that module name, or if a package
name, to the whole package in any case, overrides all
other options. Can be given multiple times. Default
empty.
这一部分参数可以说是nuitka的核心。nuitka能够根据py文件中的import语句找到所有引用的库，然后将这些库文件打包进二进制文件中。找到import，然后follow，所以是follow import。所有被导入的库可以看作一个列表，而这部分参数的作用就是让用户在这个列表中进行选择，只有被选中的部分会被打包进exe
全选
--follow-imports, --recurse-all
不选
--nofollow-imports, --recurse-none
仅选择标准库
--follow-stdlib, --recurse-stdlib
仅选择指定模块/包
--follow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
不选择指定模块/包,这个选项会覆盖其他递归选项，也就是说最后用
--nofollow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-not-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
如果某些库没有被打包进exe，程序仍会试图通过python3x.dll去搜索路径中查找这些库，然后进行调用，调用方式跟py文件一模一样。
nuitka打包相对来说是比较耗费时间的，特别是针对像pandas这样的大家伙，所以在最终发布之前，可以暂时不对这些库进行打包（--nofollow-imports），而是将这些库手动拷贝到搜索路径中，比如exe同级目录。只要能够找到这些库，程序就能正常运行，否则会提示no module named xxx
注意：这部分参数仅仅能够处理py或者pyc文件，如果遇到pyd或者dll则会跳过
模块搜索路径
python程序如果引用了其他模块（代码中使用了import语句），就会到搜索路径中去查找这些模块，如果找不到就会提示
no module named xxx
搜索路径有很多个，而python使用环境变量sys.path管理这些路径，可以在入口代码最开头使用
import sys print(sys.path)
查看运行环境中的sys.path，看看缺失的库是否存在于搜索路径当中。
发布一个程序
如果python程序中仅仅使用了一些自定义的模块，那么参数--follow-imports就足以达到发布的效果，一个exe外加一个python3x.dll就可以在任何电脑上运行，无论是否安装python（当然架构要对应），然而实际情况往往比较复杂，稍微强大一点的程序都会调用一些第三方库，比如pyqt，numpy，这些模块中调用了大量的pyd或者dll文件。这个时候就需要使用参数--standalone。
参数--standalone默认包含参数--follow-imports，即会尝试对所有的引用到的库都进行打包，将这些库中的py或者pyc打包进exe，然后再将所依赖的二进制文件（dll或者pyd）拷贝到exe所在文件夹。只要命令能够执行完成不出错，生成的exe就可以完全脱离python环境独立运行。
depends.exe
在第一次使用--standalone时，会提示安装Dependency Walker，nuitka需要使用这个工具来解析所有的依赖，从而决定拷贝哪些文件(dll,pyd)到exe目录。命令进行的过程中会自动检测该工具是否存在，没有的话会自动提示进行下载，网络没问题的时候直接回车或者输入yes就行了，但是如果网络状况不佳，就需要提前手动下载，否则命令会因此中断。
具体步骤：手动下载和系统相匹配的版本（32位或64位），解压得到以下两个文件
depends.exe depends.dll
然后放置到对应的目录 x86的路径
C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Nuitka\Nuitka\x86\
X64的路径
C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Nuitka\Nuitka\x86_64\
ps：我尝试过将工具放在path中，没有用，只能放在上面的路径里面
可以通过参数--windows-dependency-tool=DEPENDENCY_TOOL将其修改为其他依赖解析工具，比如pefile,但是不建议修改。参数--windows-dependency-tool=DEPENDENCY_TOOL仅限windows系统使用
参数--mingw64
实际上 --mingw64与--msvc=MSVC是一对孪生参数，这两个参数二选一，用于指定编译器，如果当前环境既安装了mingw64，又安装了msvc，可以使用该参数选择兼容性最好的编译器,建议使用mingw64。如果不存在上面两种编译器都存在的情况，就不需要显式设置这个参数，默认会调用系统中能用的编译器。
参数plugin control
这部分参数用于设置对某些第三方库或者python功能进行支持，在使用--standalone时才会用到
如果程序中使用了pyqt或者pyside，那么
--plugin-enable=qt-plugins
如果程序中使用了numpy, scipy, pandas, matplotlib，那么
--plugin-enable=numpy
如果使用了这些库或功能，但是忘了进行插件参数设置，命令运行过程中会以红字今天提醒，按照提醒对命令进行调整即可
如果有多个插件需要启用
--plugin-enable=numpy --plugin-enable=qt-plugins --plugin-enable=tensorflow
可以使用 nuitka --plugin-list查看可用的插件
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\a>nuitka --plugin-list
The following optional standard plugins are available in Nuitka
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
data-files
dill-compat
enum-compat
eventlet Required by the eventlet package
gevent Required by the gevent package
implicit-imports
multiprocessing Required by Python's multiprocessing module
numpy Required for numpy, scipy, pandas, matplotlib, etc.
pbr-compat
pmw-freezer Required by the Pmw package
pylint-warnings Support PyLint / PyDev linting source markers
qt-plugins Required by the PyQt and PySide packages
tensorflow Required by the tensorflow package
tk-inter Required by Python's Tk modules
torch Required by the torch / torchvision packages
参数Output choices
-o FILENAME
指定生成的可执行文件的文件名，但是生成pyd的时候无法使用，也就是在使用--module的时候无法为pyd文件指定一个其他的文件名
--output-dir=DIRECTORY
指定打包好的文件存放的目录，默认为当前目录
--remove-output
使用nuitka进行打包的过程中，会生成一个用于build的中间临时目录，若可以使用该参数，命令完成后会自动删除build目录
--no-pyi-file
不生成pyi文件。pyi文件主要用于生成pyd文件时进行隐式import的检测
参数--show-progress 和--show-scons
用来显示详细打包过程，看得懂的话就加上吧，这部分还有几个参数，感兴趣的可以试试
--show-scons Operate Scons in non-quiet mode, showing the executed
commands. Defaults to off.
--show-progress Provide progress information and statistics. Defaults
to off.
--show-memory Provide memory information and statistics. Defaults to
off.
--show-modules Provide a final summary on included modules. Defaults
to off.
--verbose Output details of actions taken, esp. in
optimizations. Can become a lot. Defaults to off.
数 --windows-disable-console
禁用终端窗口，当程序有一个图形化界面的时候经常用到，仅限windows系统
参数 --windows-icon=ICON_PATH
设定程序的图标，仅限windows系统
----------------------------------------------------------- 深水区警告 --------------------------------------------------------------------
对反射的支持
python的反射机制，简而言之，就是可以通过字符串，动态调用一些库或者模块，诸如根据用户的输入调用插件等。
pack_name=input("input the package name:")
pack=__import__(pack_name)
上面这种情况，pack到底是哪个库，完全依赖于用户输入，nuitka没法利用follow import这部分参数确定可能会被用到的库。这种情况下可以不对这些库进行打包，那么打包好的exe只要在搜索路径中能够找到这些库，程序依然可以正常运行。
但如果希望能够将这些模块打包为二进制（exe或者pyd），那么就要用到--include这部分参数
nuitka --follow-imports --include-package=testPackage mx.py
nuitka就会将这个package强行打包进exe，如果运行的时需要进行调用，程序就会在exe里面进行寻找，看看有没有这个package
include部分有四个具体的参数
指定一个package
--include-package=PACKAGE
指定一个module
--include-module=MODULE
指定一个目录，里面包含的所有包/模块都会被打包（覆盖其他递归选项）
--include-plugin-directory=MODULE/PACKAGE
与pattern匹配的所有文件都会被打包（覆盖其他递归选项）
--include-plugin-files=PATTERN
使用参数--module打包生成pyd文件
使用--module参数，将包/模块打包为二进制的pyd文件。module在这里可能会有点歧义，实际上借助--include参数，对于包/模块/目录（package/module/directory），都能打包为pyd。
打包一个package
nuitka --module --include-package=PACKAGE PACKAGE
打包一个module
nuitka --module --include-module=MODULE MODULE
打包一个目录
nuitka --module --include-plugin-directory=DIRECTORY DIRECTORY
打包一堆零散文件，与pattern匹配的所有文件都会被打包
nuitka --module --include-plugin-files=PATTERN mods
打包pyd文件，必须借助--include参数,这是因为打包pyd的时候没有入口文件，所以就没有import可以follow，因此就必须要用到include对整个包进行指定，否则打包出来的pyd文件里面不会有任何的内容，引用这个pyd文件会提示找不到模块
ps:打包pyd过程中如果出现类似警告提示
Nuitka:WARNING:Recursed to package 'TestPackage' at 'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\a\TestPackage' twice.
作者说不用管，原话如下
I think this one is actually described in the user manual.
We compile the filename you give as a module, even if it is a package, giving an empty package. Then you get to force inclusion of a whole module, which makes it see the top level twice, ignoring it, which triggers the warning.
常见错误
（逐渐添加）
**ImportError: DLL load failed while importing xxxxx: %1 is not a valid Win32 application.**
加载pyd模块时发生
原因：vscode没有正确初始化
解决方法：直接在终端中运行python
编译模块时候发生
ImportError: dynamic module does not define module export function (PyInit_TestPackage2)
原因：使用参数--module编译出来的pyd文件，不能更改文件名
处理机制。
编译过程需联网添加部份组件，建议挂上梯子，网址可能被墙掉的，编译过程大概率卡在下载
winlibs-x86_64-posix-seh-gcc-11.3.0-llvm-14.0.3-mingw-w64msvcrt-10.0.0-r3.zip
组件，复制该网址自行下载提示无效的，需自行下载
下载后参考cmd里面提示的路径把压缩包里的目录提取到类拟
Nuitka\Nuitka\Cache\downloads\gcc\x86_64\11.3.0-14.0.3-10.0.0-msvcrt-r3
这样的路径下，然后强行关掉cmd再重新编译，除这个外其它的组件都能顺利下载，编译后py文件同级目录下多了两个目录，其中带dist里的exe就是执行文件，把该目录复制就可以独立使用exe文件了。
nuitka参数列表
输入nuitka，回车之后会显示nuitka的参数列表
Usage: __main__.py [--module] [--run] [options] main_module.py
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--module Create an extension module executable instead of a
program. Defaults to off.
--standalone Enable standalone mode in build. This allows you to
transfer the created binary to other machines without
it relying on an existing Python installation. It
implies these option: "--recurse-all". You may also
want to use "--python-flag=no_site" to avoid the
"site.py" module, which can save a lot of code
dependencies. Defaults to off.
--python-arch=PYTHON_ARCH
Architecture of Python to use. One of "x86" or
"x86_64". Defaults to what you run Nuitka with
(currently "x86_64").
--python-debug Use debug version or not. Default uses what you are
using to run Nuitka, most likely a non-debug version.
--python-flag=PYTHON_FLAGS
Python flags to use. Default uses what you are using
to run Nuitka, this enforces a specific mode. These
are options that also exist to standard Python
executable. Currently supported: "-S" (alias
"nosite"), "static_hashes" (do not use hash
randomization), "no_warnings" (do not give Python
runtime warnings), "-O" (alias "noasserts"). Default
empty.
--python-for-scons=PYTHON_SCONS
If using Python3.3 or Python3.4, provide the path of a
Python binary to use for Scons. Otherwise Nuitka can
use what you run Nuitka with or a "scons" binary that
is found in PATH, or a Python installation from
Windows registry.
--warn-implicit-exceptions
Enable warnings for implicit exceptions detected at
compile time.
--warn-unusual-code Enable warnings for unusual code detected at compile
time.
--assume-yes-for-downloads
Allow Nuitka to download code if necessary, e.g.
dependency walker on Windows.
Control the inclusion of modules and packages:
--include-package=PACKAGE
Include a whole package. Give as a Python namespace,
e.g. ``some_package.sub_package`` and Nuitka will then
find it and include it and all the modules found below
that disk location in the binary or extension module
it creates, and make it available for import by the
code. Default empty.
--include-module=MODULE
Include a single module. Give as a Python namespace,
e.g. ``some_package.some_module`` and Nuitka will then
find it and include it in the binary or extension
module it creates, and make it available for import by
the code. Default empty.
--include-plugin-directory=MODULE/PACKAGE
Include the content of that directory, no matter if
it's used by the given main program in a visible form.
Overrides all other recursion options. Can be given
multiple times. Default empty.
--include-plugin-files=PATTERN
Include into files matching the PATTERN. Overrides all
recursion other options. Can be given multiple times.
Default empty.
Control the recursion into imported modules:
--follow-stdlib, --recurse-stdlib
Also descend into imported modules from standard
library. This will increase the compilation time by a
lot. Defaults to off.
--nofollow-imports, --recurse-none
When --recurse-none is used, do not descend into any
imported modules at all, overrides all other recursion
options. Defaults to off.
--follow-imports, --recurse-all
When --recurse-all is used, attempt to descend into
all imported modules. Defaults to off.
--follow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
Recurse to that module, or if a package, to the whole
package. Can be given multiple times. Default empty.
--nofollow-import-to=MODULE/PACKAGE, --recurse-not-to=MODULE/PACKAGE
Do not recurse to that module name, or if a package
name, to the whole package in any case, overrides all
other options. Can be given multiple times. Default
empty.
Immediate execution after compilation:
--run Execute immediately the created binary (or import the
compiled module). Defaults to off.
--debugger, --gdb Execute inside "gdb" to automatically get a stack
trace. Defaults to off.
--execute-with-pythonpath
When immediately executing the created binary
(--execute), don't reset PYTHONPATH. When all modules
are successfully included, you ought to not need
PYTHONPATH anymore.
Dump options for internal tree:
--xml Dump the final result of optimization as XML, then
exit.
Code generation choices:
--full-compat Enforce absolute compatibility with CPython. Do not
even allow minor deviations from CPython behavior,
e.g. not having better tracebacks or exception
messages which are not really incompatible, but only
different. This is intended for tests only and should
not be used for normal use.
--file-reference-choice=FILE_REFERENCE_MODE
Select what value "__file__" is going to be. With
"runtime" (default for standalone binary mode and
module mode), the created binaries and modules, use
the location of themselves to deduct the value of
"__file__". Included packages pretend to be in
directories below that location. This allows you to
include data files in deployments. If you merely seek
acceleration, it's better for you to use the
"original" value, where the source files location will
be used. With "frozen" a notation "<frozen
module_name>" is used. For compatibility reasons, the
"__file__" value will always have ".py" suffix
independent of what it really is.
Output choices:
-o FILENAME Specify how the executable should be named. For
extension modules there is no choice, also not for
standalone mode and using it will be an error. This
may include path information that needs to exist
though. Defaults to <program_name> on this platform.
.exe
--output-dir=DIRECTORY
Specify where intermediate and final output files
should be put. The DIRECTORY will be populated with C
files, object files, etc. Defaults to current
directory.
--remove-output Removes the build directory after producing the module
or exe file. Defaults to off.
--no-pyi-file Do not create a ".pyi" file for extension modules
created by Nuitka. This is used to detect implicit
imports. Defaults to off.
Debug features:
--debug Executing all self checks possible to find errors in
Nuitka, do not use for production. Defaults to off.
--unstripped Keep debug info in the resulting object file for
better debugger interaction. Defaults to off.
--profile Enable vmprof based profiling of time spent. Not
working currently. Defaults to off.
--graph Create graph of optimization process. Defaults to off.
--trace-execution Traced execution output, output the line of code
before executing it. Defaults to off.
--recompile-c-only This is not incremental compilation, but for Nuitka
development only. Takes existing files and simply
compile them as C again. Allows compiling edited C
files for quick debugging changes to the generated
source, e.g. to see if code is passed by, values
output, etc, Defaults to off. Depends on compiling
Python source to determine which files it should look
at.
--generate-c-only Generate only C source code, and do not compile it to
binary or module. This is for debugging and code
coverage analysis that doesn't waste CPU. Defaults to
off. Do not think you can use this directly.
--experimental=EXPERIMENTAL
Use features declared as 'experimental'. May have no
effect if no experimental features are present in the
code. Uses secret tags (check source) per experimented
feature.
--disable-dll-dependency-cache
Disable the dependency walker cache. Will result in
much longer times to create the distribution folder,
but might be used in case the cache is suspect to
cause errors.
--force-dll-dependency-cache-update
For an update of the dependency walker cache. Will
result in much longer times to create the distribution
folder, but might be used in case the cache is suspect
to cause errors or known to need an update.
Backend C compiler choice:
--clang Enforce the use of clang. On Windows this requires a
working Visual Studio version to piggy back. Defaults
to off.
--mingw64 Enforce the use of MinGW64 on Windows. Defaults to
off.
--msvc=MSVC Enforce the use of specific MSVC version on Windows.
Allowed values are e.g. 14.0, specify an illegal value
for a list of installed compilers. Defaults to the
most recent version.
-j N, --jobs=N Specify the allowed number of parallel C compiler
jobs. Defaults to the system CPU count.
--lto Use link time optimizations if available and usable
(gcc 4.6 and higher). Defaults to off.
Tracing features:
--show-scons Operate Scons in non-quiet mode, showing the executed
commands. Defaults to off.
--show-progress Provide progress information and statistics. Defaults
to off.
--show-memory Provide memory information and statistics. Defaults to
off.
--show-modules Provide a final summary on included modules. Defaults
to off.
--verbose Output details of actions taken, esp. in
optimizations. Can become a lot. Defaults to off.
Windows specific controls:
--windows-dependency-tool=DEPENDENCY_TOOL
When compiling for Windows, use this dependency tool.
Defaults to depends.exe, other allowed value is
'pefile'.
--windows-disable-console
When compiling for Windows, disable the console
window. Defaults to off.
--windows-icon=ICON_PATH
Add executable icon (Windows only).
Plugin control:
--plugin-enable=PLUGINS_ENABLED, --enable-plugin=PLUGINS_ENABLED
Enabled plugins. Must be plug-in names. Use --plugin-
list to query the full list and exit. Default empty.
--plugin-disable=PLUGINS_DISABLED, --disable-plugin=PLUGINS_DISABLED
Disabled plugins. Must be plug-in names. Use --plugin-
list to query the full list and exit. Default empty.
--plugin-no-detection
Plugins can detect if they might be used, and the you
can disable the warning via --plugin-disable=plugin-
that-warned, or you can use this option to disable the
mechanism entirely, which also speeds up compilation
slightly of course as this detection code is run in
vain once you are certain of which plug-ins to use.
Defaults to off.
--plugin-list Show list of all available plugins and exit. Defaults
to off.
--user-plugin=USER_PLUGINS
The file name of user plugin. Can be given multiple
times. Default empty.
python库版本信息查询
Archived: Python Extension Packages for Windows - Christoph Gohlke (uci.edu)
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