【练习题】阅读丘吉尔的演讲稿《热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水》谈谈你对那段历史的理解。
试答：
这是一份企图由制度整顿以集体对外应战的决心。
我们能从丘吉尔这份演讲稿，见到在面对二次世界大战非常时期，英国人秉持对规则和标准的坚持，进行有步骤、有缓急地交办回报过程所萌发出的勇气力量。
这份力量能支持英国上下一心高速整顿，以因应在第二次世界大战所面临的抗敌作战威胁。
整篇演讲稿自受命于国王陛下下令后，丘吉尔高举公众利益之共同需求，闪电般速度完成各党派不分你我的整顿；接着就也是秉持大宪章沿革下来的契约精神，将接此整顿状态要请议会进行覆议。
我们能从邱吉尔这份行政执行对立法诉求的过程，见到英国内阁制在二次世界大战中，由制度精神启动全国的上下一心，一份只许成功胜利的拚尽全力！
【演讲稿原文】
On Friday evening last I received from His Majesty the mission to form a new administration. It was the evident will of Parliament and the nation that this should be conceived on the broadest possible basis and that it should include all parties. I have already completed the most important part of this task. A war cabinet has been formed of five members, representing, with the Labor, Opposition and Liberals, the unity of the nation.
It was necessary that this should be done in one single day on account of the extreme urgency and rigor of events. Other key positions were filled yesterday. I am submitting a further list to the King tonight. I hope to complete the appointment of principal Ministers during tomorrow.
The appointment of other Ministers usually takes a little longer. I trust when Parliament meets again this part of my task will be completed and that the administration will be complete in all respects.
I considered it in the public interest to suggest to the Speaker that the House should be summoned today. At the end of today's proceedings, the adjournment of the House will be proposed until May 2l with provision for earlier meeting if need be. Business for that will be notified to M. P. 's at the earliest opportunity.
I now invite the House by a resolution to record its approval of the steps taken and declare its confidence in the new government. The resolution
That this House welcomes the formation of a government representing the united and inflexible resolve of the nation to prosecute the war with Germany to a victorious conclusion.
To form an administration of this scale and complexity is a serious undertaking in itself. But we are in the preliminary Phase of one of the greatest battles in history. We are in action at any other points-in Norway and in Holland-and we have to be prepared in the Mediterranean. The air battle is continuing, and many preparations have to be made here at home.
In this crisis I think I may be pardoned if I do not address the House at any length today, and I hope that any of my friends and colleagues or for more colleagues who are affected by the political reconstruction will make all allowances for any lack of ceremony with which it has been necessary to act.
I say to the House as I said to Ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.
You ask, what is our policy I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.
You ask, what is our aim I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs-victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.
Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.
I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men.
I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.
《热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水》中文译文：
上星期五晚上，我接受了国王陛下有关组织新政府的任务。 新政府应该建立在最广泛的基础上，应该包括所有的政党在内。这显然是国会和国民的共同意愿。
目前，我已完成了该项任务中最重要的部分。一个代表工党、反对党和自由党在内的5人战时内阁已经组成，代表了国家的团结统一。
鉴于事态极其紧急严峻，新内阁政府的组建应在一天之内完成。其他重要职位也已于昨日安排妥当。今晚我将向国王陛下呈递一份更进一步的名单。我希望几位主要大臣的委任能够在明天之内完成。其他大臣的委任通常要拖得久一些。我相信，国会再一次召开时，我将完成这一部分任务，整个政府的组建工作也将完成。
基于公众利益的考虑，我建议议长今天就召开议会。今天的议程结束后，将休会到5月21日。如有必要，可提前开会。有关事务会及早通知各位议员。
现在我提请议院作出决议，批准并记录我为此采取的各项步骤，同时宣布对新政府的信任。决议如下：
“本议院欢迎新政府的成立，新政府代表了全国团结而坚定的决心：发动对德战争，直至最后胜利。”
组建一届如此复杂且规模庞大的政府，本应该是一项重大的工作。但是我们正处于有史以来规模最大战役之一的初级阶段。我们在挪威、荷兰等地多点作战，另外我们在地中海也必须准备完毕。空战还连绵不绝，而且我们在国内也还有许多准备工作要做。
在此危机之中，我相信议院会原谅我今天不能发表长篇讲话。我还希望所有在这次改组中受到牵动的朋友、同僚或前任同僚们对于我们不得已的礼仪方面的不周之处能够多多包涵。
正如我已告知组成新政府的诸位官员那样，我也要告知议院：我能奉献的只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。我们面临着极其严峻的考验，我们面临着长期艰苦卓绝的斗争。
如果你问：我们的政策是什么？我的回答是：尽我们的全力，尽上帝赐予我们的所有力量，进行海陆空抗敌；向一个史无前例的凶残暴政作战。这就是我们的政策。
如果你问：我们的目标是什么？我可以用两个字回答：胜利。不论道路多么崎岖漫长，我们都要不惜一切代价，不畏任何恐怖，夺取胜利。因为得不到胜利就无法生存。
大家都应该认识到：不胜利，大英帝国将无法幸存，大英帝国所代表的一切将无法生存，推动人类历史不断前进的动力将不复存在。
我充满乐观和希望地肩负起我的职责，我确信，靠大家的共同行动，我们的事业就不会遭受挫败！
在此时此刻，在这危机关头，我觉得我有权得到所有人的援助。我要说：“来吧，让我们团结起来，携手前进吧！”
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