在复现ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真项目时,发现项目运行过程中出现很多问题,而且这些问题不仅出现在我这,其他人也遇到了类似的问题。基础概念不清楚是产生这些错误的根本原因。
1.项目文件结构
系统环境:Ubuntu 16.04
+ROS Kinetic
版本
该项目是在上一个博客的基础上开展的,所以有些文件直接采用了上一个项目的文件,下方为文件结构:
.
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── config
│ ├── smartcar_arbotix.rviz (系统自动生成)
│ └── smartcar_arbotix.yaml (手动创建)
├── launch
│ └── smartcar_display.rviz.launch (手动创建)
├── meshes
├── package.xml
└── urdf
├── gazebo.urdf.xacro (机器人属性,手动创建)
├── smartcar_body.urdf.xacro (机器人本体结构,手动创建)
└── smartcar.urdf.xacro (机器人实现,手动创建)
2.xacro改造
在很多情况下,ROS对urdf文件的支持并不是很好,使用宏定义的.xacro文件兼容性更好,扩展性也更好。所以我们把之前的urdf文件重新整理编写成.xacro文件。
-
gazebo.urdf.xacro
文件
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot xmlns:controller="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#controller"
xmlns:interface="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#interface"
xmlns:sensor="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#sensor"
xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro"
name="smartcar_gazebo">
<!-- ASUS Xtion PRO camera for simulation -->
<!-- gazebo_ros_wge100 plugin is in kt2_gazebo_plugins package -->
<xacro:macro name="smartcar_sim">
<gazebo reference="base_link">
<material>Gazebo/Blue</material>
<turnGravityOff>false</turnGravityOff>
</gazebo>
<gazebo reference="right_front_wheel">
<material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
</gazebo>
<gazebo reference="right_back_wheel">
<material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
</gazebo>
<gazebo reference="left_front_wheel">
<material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
</gazebo>
<gazebo reference="left_back_wheel">
<material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
</gazebo>
<gazebo reference="head">
<material>Gazebo/White</material>
</gazebo>
</xacro:macro>
</robot>
-
smartcar_body.urdf.xacro
文件
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="smartcar"
xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<xacro:property name="M_PI" value="3.14159"/>
<!-- Macro for SmartCar body. Including Gazebo extensions, but does not include Kinect -->
<xacro:include filename="$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/gazebo.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:property name="base_x" value="0.33" />
<xacro:property name="base_y" value="0.33" />
<xacro:macro name="smartcar_body">
<link name="base_link">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
<mass value="100.0" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<box size="0.25 .16 .05"/>
</geometry>
<origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
<material name="blue">
<color rgba="0 0 .8 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
<geometry>
<box size="0.25 .16 .05" />
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<link name="left_front_wheel">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<mass value="1" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<joint name="left_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_front_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_front_wheel">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<mass value="1" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<joint name="right_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_front_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_back_wheel">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<mass value="1" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<joint name="left_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_back_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_back_wheel">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<mass value="1" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<joint name="right_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_back_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="head">
<inertial>
<origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
<mass value="1" />
<inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
</inertial>
<visual>
<geometry>
<box size=".02 .03 .03"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
<collision>
<origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
</link>
<joint name="tobox" type="fixed">
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="head"/>
<origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
</joint>
</xacro:macro>
</robot>
-
smartcar.urdf.xacro
文件
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="smartcar"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xmlns:gazebo="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#gz"
xmlns:model="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#model"
xmlns:sensor="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#sensor"
xmlns:body="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#body"
xmlns:geom="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#geom"
xmlns:joint="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#joint"
xmlns:controller="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#controller"
xmlns:interface="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#interface"
xmlns:rendering="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#rendering"
xmlns:renderable="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#renderable"
xmlns:physics="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#physics"
xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<xacro:include filename="$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar_body.urdf.xacro" />
<!-- Body of SmartCar, with plates, standoffs and Create (including sim sensors) -->
<smartcar_body/>
<smartcar_sim/>
</robot>
上述三个文件之间是层层递进引用的关系,smartcar.urdf.xacro
包含smartcar_body.urdf.xacro
,smartcar_body.urdf.xacro
再包含gazebo.urdf.xacro
。
3.Arbotix控制仿真
-
ArbotiX
安装
Arbotix是一款控制电机、舵机的控制板,并提供相应的ROS功能包,但是这个功能包的功能不仅可以驱动真实的Arbotix控制板,它还提供一个差速控制器,通过接收速度控制指令更新机器人的joint状态,从而帮助我们实现机器人在rviz中的运动。
$ sudo apt-get install ros-kinetic-arbotix-*
-
smartcar_arbotix.yaml
配置文件
port: /dev/ttyUSB0
baud: 115200
rate: 20
sync_write: True
sync_read: True
read_rate: 20
write_rate: 20
controllers: {
# Pololu motors: 1856 cpr = 0.3888105m travel = 4773 ticks per meter (empirical: 4100)
base_controller:
{
type: diff_controller,
base_frame_id: base_link,
base_width: 0.26,
ticks_meter: 4100,
Kp: 12,
Kd: 12,
Ki: 0,
Ko: 50,
accel_limit: 1.0,
},
}
4.ROS launch启动文件:smartcar_display.rviz.launch
<launch>
<param name="/use_sim_time" value="false" />
<!-- 调用xacro文件解析器 -->
<arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />
<!-- 设置GUI参数,显示关节控制插件 -->
<arg name="use_gui" default="false" />
<!-- 加载机器人的Xacro模型 -->
<param name="robot_description" command="$(arg model)" />
<!-- 启动arbotix_driver节点,发布控制信息 -->
<node name="arbotix" pkg="arbotix_python" type="arbotix_driver" output="screen">
<rosparam file="$(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.yaml" command="load" />
<param name="sim" value="true"/>
</node>
<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher_gui节点,发布机器人关节状态 -->
<node name="joint_state_publisher_gui" pkg="joint_state_publisher_gui" type="joint_state_publisher_gui">
</node>
<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布TF -->
<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher">
<param name="publish_frequency" type="double" value="20.0" />
</node>
<!-- 静态坐标变换,车和轮子不会发生相对位移 -->
<node pkg="tf" type="static_transform_publisher" name="odom_left_wheel_broadcaster" args="0 0 0 0 0 0 /base_link /left_front_link 100" />
<node pkg="tf" type="static_transform_publisher" name="odom_right_wheel_broadcaster" args="0 0 0 0 0 0 /base_link /right_front_link 100" />
<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>
运动指令
rostopic pub -r 10 /cmd_vel geometry_msgs/Twist ‘{linear: {x: 0.5, y: 0, z: 0}, angular: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0.5}}’
5.注意事项
5.1.xacro
前缀缺失提示
xacro: in-order processing became default in ROS Melodic. You can drop the option.
Deprecated: xacro tag ‘mrobot_body’ w/o ‘xacro:’ xml namespace prefix (will be forbidden in Noetic)
when processing file: /home/wxy/catkin_ws/src/mrobot_gazebo/urdf/mrobot.urdf.xacro
Use the following command to fix incorrect tag usage:
find . -iname “*.xacro” | xargs sed -i ‘s#<\([/]\?\)if\|unless\|include\|arg\|property\|macro\|insert_block#<\1xacro:\2#g'
由于ROS
系统版本的差异,在Kinetic
版本中的xacro
文件,凡是带有如下名称的标签块,都需要加前缀xacro:
include、arg、property、macro
5.2.xacro声明错误
具体的错误提示,忘记记录,古月大佬在博客中给出的声明是
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="smartcar" xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">
凡是涉及http://ros.org/wiki/xacro
,均需要改成http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro
5.3.xacro解析器调用错误
原调用语句:
<!-- Load the URDF/Xacro model of our robot -->
<arg name="urdf_file" default="$(find xacro)/xacro.py '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />
将原有的解析器调用更改如下
<!-- 调用xacro文件解析器 -->
<arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />
不再使用xacro.py
进行xacro
文件解析
5.4.rviz可视化界面调用
原调用语句:
<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/urdf.vcg" />
将原有的解析器调用更改如下
<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.rviz" required="true" />
使用smartcar_arbotix.rviz进行Rviz的配置文件保存,而不是urdf.vcg,同时该配置文件可以通过加载机器人之后,在rviz的UI界面进行文件保存,所以是自动生成的。
5.5.Rviz设置
将Global中的fixed frame改成odom,小车就能够动起来。
6.参考资料
1.ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真
2.ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真复现
3.ROS探索(4)——SmartCar模擬
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