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smartcar项目(二):xacro改造和ArbotiX控制仿

smartcar项目(二):xacro改造和ArbotiX控制仿

作者: 酵母小木 | 来源:发表于2020-12-03 11:12 被阅读0次

    在复现ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真项目时,发现项目运行过程中出现很多问题,而且这些问题不仅出现在我这,其他人也遇到了类似的问题。基础概念不清楚是产生这些错误的根本原因。

    1.项目文件结构

    系统环境Ubuntu 16.04+ROS Kinetic版本
    该项目是在上一个博客的基础上开展的,所以有些文件直接采用了上一个项目的文件,下方为文件结构

    .
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── config
    │   ├── smartcar_arbotix.rviz          (系统自动生成)
    │   └── smartcar_arbotix.yaml          (手动创建)
    ├── launch
    │   └── smartcar_display.rviz.launch         (手动创建)
    ├── meshes
    ├── package.xml
    └── urdf
        ├── gazebo.urdf.xacro               (机器人属性,手动创建)
        ├── smartcar_body.urdf.xacro        (机器人本体结构,手动创建)
        └── smartcar.urdf.xacro             (机器人实现,手动创建)
    

    2.xacro改造

    在很多情况下,ROS对urdf文件的支持并不是很好,使用宏定义的.xacro文件兼容性更好,扩展性也更好。所以我们把之前的urdf文件重新整理编写成.xacro文件。

    • gazebo.urdf.xacro文件
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    
    <robot xmlns:controller="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#controller" 
        xmlns:interface="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#interface" 
        xmlns:sensor="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#sensor" 
        xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro" 
        name="smartcar_gazebo">
    
    <!-- ASUS Xtion PRO camera for simulation -->
    <!-- gazebo_ros_wge100 plugin is in kt2_gazebo_plugins package -->
    <xacro:macro name="smartcar_sim">
        <gazebo reference="base_link">
            <material>Gazebo/Blue</material>
            <turnGravityOff>false</turnGravityOff>
        </gazebo>
    
        <gazebo reference="right_front_wheel">
            <material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
        </gazebo>
    
        <gazebo reference="right_back_wheel">
            <material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
        </gazebo>
    
        <gazebo reference="left_front_wheel">
            <material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
        </gazebo>
    
        <gazebo reference="left_back_wheel">
            <material>Gazebo/FlatBlack</material>
        </gazebo>
    
        <gazebo reference="head">
            <material>Gazebo/White</material>
        </gazebo>
    
    </xacro:macro>
    
    </robot>
    
    • smartcar_body.urdf.xacro文件
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <robot name="smartcar"
      xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">
      <xacro:property name="M_PI" value="3.14159"/>
    
      <!-- Macro for SmartCar body. Including Gazebo extensions, but does not include Kinect -->
      <xacro:include filename="$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/gazebo.urdf.xacro"/>
    
      <xacro:property name="base_x" value="0.33" />
      <xacro:property name="base_y" value="0.33" />
    
      <xacro:macro name="smartcar_body">
    
        <link name="base_link">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
            <mass value="100.0" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <box size="0.25 .16 .05"/>
            </geometry>
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
            <material name="blue">
              <color rgba="0 0 .8 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0.055"/>
            <geometry>
              <box size="0.25 .16 .05" />
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <link name="left_front_wheel">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
            <mass value="1" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
              <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <joint name="left_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
          <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
          <parent link="base_link"/>
          <child link="left_front_wheel"/>
          <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
          <limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
          <joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
        </joint>
    
        <link name="right_front_wheel">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
            <mass value="1" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
              <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <joint name="right_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
          <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
          <parent link="base_link"/>
          <child link="right_front_wheel"/>
          <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
          <limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
          <joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
        </joint>
    
        <link name="left_back_wheel">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
            <mass value="1" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
              <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <joint name="left_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
          <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
          <parent link="base_link"/>
          <child link="left_back_wheel"/>
          <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 0.08 0.025"/>
          <limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
          <joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
        </joint>
    
        <link name="right_back_wheel">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
            <mass value="1" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
              <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <joint name="right_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
          <axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
          <parent link="base_link"/>
          <child link="right_back_wheel"/>
          <origin rpy="0 1.57075 1.57075" xyz="-0.08 -0.08 0.025"/>
          <limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
          <joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
        </joint>
    
        <link name="head">
          <inertial>
            <origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
            <mass value="1" />
            <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0" iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0" izz="1.0"/>
          </inertial>
          <visual>
            <geometry>
              <box size=".02 .03 .03"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
              <color rgba="1 1 1 1"/>
            </material>
          </visual>
          <collision>
            <origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
            <geometry>
              <cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
            </geometry>
          </collision>
        </link>
    
        <joint name="tobox" type="fixed">
          <parent link="base_link"/>
          <child link="head"/>
          <origin xyz="0.08 0 0.08"/>
        </joint>
      </xacro:macro>
    
    </robot>
    
    • smartcar.urdf.xacro文件
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    
    <robot name="smartcar"  
        xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
        xmlns:gazebo="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#gz"
        xmlns:model="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#model"
        xmlns:sensor="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#sensor"
        xmlns:body="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#body"
        xmlns:geom="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#geom"
        xmlns:joint="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#joint"
        xmlns:controller="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#controller"
        xmlns:interface="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#interface"
        xmlns:rendering="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#rendering"
        xmlns:renderable="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#renderable"
        xmlns:physics="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#physics"
        xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">
    
      <xacro:include filename="$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar_body.urdf.xacro" />
    
      <!-- Body of SmartCar, with plates, standoffs and Create (including sim sensors) -->
      <smartcar_body/>
    
      <smartcar_sim/>
    
    </robot>
    

    上述三个文件之间是层层递进引用的关系,smartcar.urdf.xacro包含smartcar_body.urdf.xacrosmartcar_body.urdf.xacro再包含gazebo.urdf.xacro

    3.Arbotix控制仿真

    • ArbotiX安装

    Arbotix是一款控制电机、舵机的控制板,并提供相应的ROS功能包,但是这个功能包的功能不仅可以驱动真实的Arbotix控制板,它还提供一个差速控制器,通过接收速度控制指令更新机器人的joint状态,从而帮助我们实现机器人在rviz中的运动。

    $ sudo apt-get install ros-kinetic-arbotix-*
    
    • smartcar_arbotix.yaml配置文件
    port: /dev/ttyUSB0
    baud: 115200
    rate: 20
    sync_write: True
    sync_read: True
    read_rate: 20
    write_rate: 20
    
    controllers: {
          #  Pololu motors: 1856 cpr = 0.3888105m travel = 4773 ticks per meter (empirical: 4100)
          base_controller:
             {
                type: diff_controller,
                base_frame_id: base_link,
                base_width: 0.26,
                ticks_meter: 4100,
                Kp: 12,
                Kd: 12,
                Ki: 0,
                Ko: 50,
                accel_limit: 1.0,
             },
       }
    

    4.ROS launch启动文件:smartcar_display.rviz.launch

    <launch>
        <param name="/use_sim_time" value="false" />
    
        <!-- 调用xacro文件解析器 -->
        <arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />
    
        <!-- 设置GUI参数,显示关节控制插件 -->
        <arg name="use_gui" default="false" />
    
        <!-- 加载机器人的Xacro模型 -->
        <param name="robot_description" command="$(arg model)" />
    
        <!-- 启动arbotix_driver节点,发布控制信息 -->
        <node name="arbotix" pkg="arbotix_python" type="arbotix_driver" output="screen">
            <rosparam file="$(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.yaml" command="load" />
            <param name="sim" value="true"/>
        </node>
    
        <!-- 运行joint_state_publisher_gui节点,发布机器人关节状态 -->
        <node name="joint_state_publisher_gui" pkg="joint_state_publisher_gui" type="joint_state_publisher_gui">
        </node>
        
        <!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布TF -->
        <node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher">
            <param name="publish_frequency" type="double" value="20.0" />
        </node>
    
        <!-- 静态坐标变换,车和轮子不会发生相对位移 -->
        <node pkg="tf" type="static_transform_publisher" name="odom_left_wheel_broadcaster" args="0 0 0 0 0 0 /base_link /left_front_link 100" />
        <node pkg="tf" type="static_transform_publisher" name="odom_right_wheel_broadcaster" args="0 0 0 0 0 0 /base_link /right_front_link 100" />
    
        <!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
        <node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.rviz" required="true" />
    </launch>
    

    运动指令

    rostopic pub -r 10 /cmd_vel geometry_msgs/Twist ‘{linear: {x: 0.5, y: 0, z: 0}, angular: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0.5}}’
    

    5.注意事项

    5.1.xacro前缀缺失提示

    xacro: in-order processing became default in ROS Melodic. You can drop the option.
    Deprecated: xacro tag ‘mrobot_body’ w/o ‘xacro:’ xml namespace prefix (will be forbidden in Noetic)
    when processing file: /home/wxy/catkin_ws/src/mrobot_gazebo/urdf/mrobot.urdf.xacro
    Use the following command to fix incorrect tag usage:
    find . -iname “*.xacro” | xargs sed -i ‘s#<\([/]\?\)if\|unless\|include\|arg\|property\|macro\|insert_block#<\1xacro:\2#g'
    

    由于ROS系统版本的差异,在Kinetic版本中的xacro文件,凡是带有如下名称的标签块,都需要加前缀xacro:

    include、arg、property、macro
    

    5.2.xacro声明错误

    具体的错误提示,忘记记录,古月大佬在博客中给出的声明是

    <?xml version="1.0"?>  
    <robot name="smartcar" xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">  
    

    凡是涉及http://ros.org/wiki/xacro,均需要改成http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro

    5.3.xacro解析器调用错误

    原调用语句:

    <!-- Load the URDF/Xacro model of our robot -->  
    <arg name="urdf_file" default="$(find xacro)/xacro.py '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />  
    

    将原有的解析器调用更改如下

    <!-- 调用xacro文件解析器 -->
    <arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find smartcar_description)/urdf/smartcar.urdf.xacro'" />
    

    不再使用xacro.py进行xacro文件解析

    5.4.rviz可视化界面调用

    原调用语句:

    <node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/urdf.vcg" />  
    

    将原有的解析器调用更改如下

    <!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
    <node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find smartcar_description)/config/smartcar_arbotix.rviz" required="true" />
    

    使用smartcar_arbotix.rviz进行Rviz的配置文件保存,而不是urdf.vcg,同时该配置文件可以通过加载机器人之后,在rviz的UI界面进行文件保存,所以是自动生成的。

    5.5.Rviz设置

    将Global中的fixed frame改成odom,小车就能够动起来。

    6.参考资料

    1.ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真
    2.ROS探索总结(六)——使用smartcar进行仿真复现
    3.ROS探索(4)——SmartCar模擬

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