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如何通过分类来给对象添加属性

如何通过分类来给对象添加属性

作者: _一叶孤帆 | 来源:发表于2021-09-14 18:48 被阅读0次

    前言

    我们都知道 category 可以为某个类来添加方法,但是是否可以添加属性呢?如何添加?

    category 分析

    category 可以为我们重写类的方法,但是我们如果通过他来添加属性,会发生什么

    首先,我们创建了一个 Person 类。当前此类只有一个属性 name,而当我们声明一个属性的时候,实际上是生成了一个成员变量和它的 set get 方法,这样我们在使用的时候才能正常的拿到对应的值。

    image.png

    那么当我们在 category 里声明这个属性的时候,能否同样给我们生成这些内容呢?

    我们创建一个 Person 的 category 并为它添加一个属性 age , 然后我们来为这个 age 赋值。

    image.png image.png

    可以发现我们的程序崩溃了,崩溃堆栈信息如下:

    2021-09-14 16:40:31.808475+0800 CategroyTest[40231:1531935] Hello, World!
    2021-09-14 16:40:31.811430+0800 CategroyTest[40231:1531935] -[Person setAge:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10063cc60
    2021-09-14 16:40:31.814593+0800 CategroyTest[40231:1531935] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[Person setAge:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10063cc60'
    *** First throw call stack:
    (
        0   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff2066a83b __exceptionPreprocess + 242
        1   libobjc.A.dylib                     0x00007fff203a2d92 objc_exception_throw + 48
        2   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff206ed34d -[NSObject(NSObject) __retain_OA] + 0
        3   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff205d28cb ___forwarding___ + 1448
        4   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff205d2298 _CF_forwarding_prep_0 + 120
        5   CategroyTest                        0x0000000100003e7c main + 92
        6   libdyld.dylib                       0x00007fff20512f3d start + 1
    )
    libc++abi: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
    *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[Person setAge:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10063cc60'
    terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
    

    使用 .age 时崩溃如下

    2021-09-14 16:44:33.699452+0800 CategroyTest[40267:1535013] Hello, World!
    2021-09-14 16:44:33.699984+0800 CategroyTest[40267:1535013] -[Person age]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10482c1c0
    2021-09-14 16:44:33.700674+0800 CategroyTest[40267:1535013] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[Person age]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10482c1c0'
    *** First throw call stack:
    (
        0   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff2066a83b __exceptionPreprocess + 242
        1   libobjc.A.dylib                     0x00007fff203a2d92 objc_exception_throw + 48
        2   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff206ed34d -[NSObject(NSObject) __retain_OA] + 0
        3   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff205d28cb ___forwarding___ + 1448
        4   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff205d2298 _CF_forwarding_prep_0 + 120
        5   CategroyTest                        0x0000000100003e77 main + 87
        6   libdyld.dylib                       0x00007fff20512f3d start + 1
    )
    libc++abi: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
    *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[Person age]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x10482c1c0'
    terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
    

    通过堆栈信息我们可以发现,我们虽然可以使用这个属性,但实际上这个属性并没有生成对应的 set get 方法, 所以会产生崩溃。

    如何正确的给类添加属性

    这个时候我们就需要使用到 runtime api 为我们提供的一套机制

    /** 
     * Sets an associated value for a given object using a given key and association policy.
     * 
     * @param object The source object for the association.
     * @param key The key for the association.
     * @param value The value to associate with the key key for object. Pass nil to clear an existing association.
     * @param policy The policy for the association. For possible values, see “Associative Object Behaviors.”
     * 
     * @see objc_setAssociatedObject
     * @see objc_removeAssociatedObjects
     */
    OBJC_EXPORT void
    objc_setAssociatedObject(id _Nonnull object, const void * _Nonnull key,
                             id _Nullable value, objc_AssociationPolicy policy)
        OBJC_AVAILABLE(10.6, 3.1, 9.0, 1.0, 2.0);
    
    /** 
     * Returns the value associated with a given object for a given key.
     * 
     * @param object The source object for the association.
     * @param key The key for the association.
     * 
     * @return The value associated with the key \e key for \e object.
     * 
     * @see objc_setAssociatedObject
     */
    OBJC_EXPORT id _Nullable
    objc_getAssociatedObject(id _Nonnull object, const void * _Nonnull key)
        OBJC_AVAILABLE(10.6, 3.1, 9.0, 1.0, 2.0);
    
    /** 
     * Removes all associations for a given object.
     * 
     * @param object An object that maintains associated objects.
     * 
     * @note The main purpose of this function is to make it easy to return an object 
     *  to a "pristine state”. You should not use this function for general removal of
     *  associations from objects, since it also removes associations that other clients
     *  may have added to the object. Typically you should use \c objc_setAssociatedObject 
     *  with a nil value to clear an association.
     * 
     * @see objc_setAssociatedObject
     * @see objc_getAssociatedObject
     */
    OBJC_EXPORT void
    objc_removeAssociatedObjects(id _Nonnull object)
        OBJC_AVAILABLE(10.6, 3.1, 9.0, 1.0, 2.0);
    
    

    objc_setAssociatedObject

    objc_setAssociatedObject(<#id  _Nonnull object#>, <#const void * _Nonnull key#>, <#id  _Nullable value#>, <#objc_AssociationPolicy policy#>)
    

    这个方法是添加关联对象。

    参数一:指我们为谁来添加关联对象,因为我们是在 category 中写的,是为 person 添加对象,所以此处直接写 self 即可。
    参数二:指的是我们存储值得时候对应的 Key 是什么,当我们需要添加多个属性时,需要用 key 来做区分,所以我们要保证 key 值唯一,这样添加多个属性才能区分我们取得的哪个属性的值。我们可以通过定义变量取其地址来定义

    static const void* kAge = &kAge;
    或者
    static const char kAge;  // 使用的时候直接使用 &kAge, char 相比地址更节省内存。
    

    参数三:指的是我们需要关联的值是哪个?当前我们为 age 添加,所以此处写 age 即可,此处需要使用对象,所以我们使用 @(age);
    参数四:指的是关联策略,其实就是我们对象写属性时的内存管理策略,此处我们用 OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN

    typedef OBJC_ENUM(uintptr_t, objc_AssociationPolicy) {
        OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN = 0,           /**< Specifies a weak reference to the associated object. */
        OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC = 1, /**< Specifies a strong reference to the associated object. 
                                                *   The association is not made atomically. */
        OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY_NONATOMIC = 3,   /**< Specifies that the associated object is copied. 
                                                *   The association is not made atomically. */
        OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN = 01401,       /**< Specifies a strong reference to the associated object.
                                                *   The association is made atomically. */
        OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY = 01403          /**< Specifies that the associated object is copied.
                                                *   The association is made atomically. */
    };
    

    完整代码如下:

    Person+Test.h

    
    #import "Person.h"
    
    NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
    
    @interface Person (Test)
    
    @property (nonatomic,assign) int age;
    
    @end
    
    NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
    

    Person+Test.m

    #import "Person+Test.h"
    #import <objc/runtime.h>
    
    const void* kAge = &kAge;
    @implementation Person (Test)
    
    - (void)setAge:(int)age{
        objc_setAssociatedObject(self, kAge, @(age), OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN);
    }
    
    - (int)age{
        return [objc_getAssociatedObject(self, kAge) intValue];
    }
    @end
    
    

    这个时候可以看出我们已经可以正常运行了

    image.png

    原理解读

    Q:通过 category 存储的内容是否会存储到原有对象的数据结构中?如果存储的?
    A:不会影响原来结构

    通过查看 runtime 源码可以发现,重要的类和数据结构有下面几个

    AssociationsManager
    AssocaitionsHashMap
    AssociationsMap
    ObjectAssociation

    通过 AssociationsManager 来管理 AssocaitionsHashMap,
    而 AssocaitionsHashMap 中则以 object 为 key,AssociationsMap 为 Value,
    AssociationsMap 则以我们传入的 key 为 key, ObjectAssociation 为 value,
    ObjectAssociation 中则存储了我们传入的 value 和内存管理规则。

    其他

    objc_removeAssociatedObjects 会移除所有关联对象,如果只需要单独移除某个只要在 objc_setAssociatedObject 时 value 为 nil 即可。

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