使用Vagrant搭建属于自己的box开发环境

Vagrant 是一个基于Ruby的工具，用于创建和部署虚拟化开发环境。它使用Oracle的开源VirtualBox虚拟化系统，使用 Chef创建自动化虚拟环境。认识 Vagrant 是从 Laravel 开始的，Laravel 官方提供了一整套本地开发环境 Homestead 。刚开始的时候对它不屑一顾，总觉得很麻烦，还不如phpStudy,Xampp,AppServ等集成开发环境来得快，后来由于本地开发环境和线上正式环境不一样，项目上线时出现了一些小问题，所以下定决心使用 vagrant 打造一个和生产环境一模一样的开发环境（注意：仅软件版本一致，硬件配置会有差异）。

下载并安装Vagrant

下载地址：https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html
支持跨平台（Mac OX,Linux,Windows），详细安装步骤请参见官方文档。
安装完成后可以在命令行中查看版本信息，windows默认的cmd不好用建议使用xshell，git-bash等工具来代替

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /
$ vagrant.exe -v
Vagrant 2.0.0

注意：vagrant 命令的路径一定要在$PATH环境变量中

下载VirtualBox

下载地址：https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
支持跨平台（Mac OX,Linux,Windows），如果你习惯使用VMware，vagrant也是支持的，但VMware是收费软件，在国内使用我相信你懂的。

初始化开发环境

官方镜像地址：https://atlas.hashicorp.com/boxes/search

• 如果你没有本地的box

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /
$ mkdir dev && cd dev
admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant init centos/7        ##下载box需要等待一段时间，根据网速来定

注意：我的开发环境是centos的系统，所以我选择了centos/7的box，如果你想使用其它开发环境，你也可以使用其它的box来初始化。

• 如果你有本地的box文件，首先将box添加到box list中

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /
$ vagrant.exe box add lnmp /e/boxs/lnmp.box

注意：lnmp是自己命名的box名称，/e/boxs/lnmp.box等于windows下e:\boxs\lnmp.box，即box文件的路径

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /
$ vagrant.exe box list
lnmp (virtualbox, 0)

使用刚刚添加的lnmpbox初始化开发环境

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /
$ mkdir dev && cd dev
admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev/
$ vagrant init lnmp        ##无需下载，直接从本地box list读取

启动Vagrant

vagrant init完成后会在当前目录生成一个Vagrantfile文件，该文件为vagrant启动虚拟机的配置文件。vagrant up会按Vagrantfile的配置项来启动虚拟机。

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant.exe up

登录Vagrant

默认使用的是vagrant用户登录，通过修改Vagrantfile也可指定其它用户登录

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant.exe ssh
Last login: Wed Nov 15 01:21:07 2017 from 10.0.2.2
[vagrant@localhost ~]$

配置LNMP开发环境

关于lnmp的开发环境安装，我也写了相关的教程，详情请查看LNMP专题

Vagrantfile配置

配置Vagrantfile主要是为了宿主机和虚拟机之前通信，文件共享等功能，这样在本地写好代码后才能在虚拟机中运行。

---

Vagrantfile 示例：

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
  # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
  # https://docs.vagrantup.com.

  # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
  # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
  config.vm.box = "lnmp"

  # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
  # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
  # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
  # config.vm.box_check_update = false

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
  # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
  # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
  # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"

  # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
  # using a specific IP.
  # config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
  config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

  # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
  # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
  # your network.
  # config.vm.network "public_network"

  # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
  # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
  # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
  # argument is a set of non-required options.
  # config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"

  # mac
  # config.vm.synced_folder "Code", "/usr/local/nginx/html/", type:"nfs"

  # windows
  config.vm.synced_folder "Code", "/usr/local/nginx/html/", :nfs => (RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /linux/ or RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/)

  # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
  # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
  # Example for VirtualBox:
  #
  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
  #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
  #   vb.gui = true
  #
  #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
  #   vb.memory = "1024"
        vb.name = "lnmp_centos7"
        vb.memory = "2048"
        vb.cpus = "2"
  end

  #
  # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
  # information on available options.

  # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
  # Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
  # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
  # config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
  #   apt-get update
  #   apt-get install -y apache2
  # SHELL
end

注意：config.vm.network,config.vm.synced_folder,vb.name,vb.memory,vb.cpus，以上配置可参考示例文件根据自身情况进行设置。修改配置文件后请使用vagrant reload重新载入配置文件。

安装插件

要想正常让宿主机和虚拟机之间共享文件，光是配置Vagrantfile是不行，还需要安装相应的插件。

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
$ vagrant plugin install childprocess
$ vagrant plugin install vagrant-winnfsd

查看已安装的插件

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant.exe plugin list
childprocess (0.6.3)
  - Version Constraint: 0.6.3
vagrant-share (1.1.9, system)
vagrant-vbguest (0.15.0)
vagrant-winnfsd (1.1.0)

优化 Nginx 配置，将sendfile的值设为off，解决静态资源刷新延迟的问题

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
...
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        off;
    #tcp_nopush     on;
...

将配置好的 lnmp 开发环境打包

admin@DESKTOP-68FVB12 MINGW64 /dev
$ vagrant.exe package --output lnmp.box --vagrantfile Vagrantfile

注意：打包前请将config.vm.network,config.vm.synced_folder配置项先注释,vagrant package可以不带任何参数，--output是指定box的名称，--vagrantfile是指定Vagrantfile的路径，这样便可生成一个你个人独有的box，无论在任何平台，只要具备了vagrant的运行环境，你便可快速启动你的开发环境。

常用vagrant命令

更多命令请查看，https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/

vagrant init  # 初始化
vagrant up  # 启动虚拟机
vagrant halt  # 关闭虚拟机
vagrant suspend  # 暂停休眠虚拟机
vagrant resume  # 唤醒虚拟机
vagrant reload  # 重启虚拟机
vagrant ssh  # SSH 登录虚拟机
vagrant status  # 查看虚拟机运行状态
vagrant destroy  # 销毁当前虚拟机