L5-U2-P4-1 Listening : World's Oldest Murder 1

World's Oldest Murder 1

When the body of the Iceman was discovered, nobody realized that he had been murdered.

It was first believed that he got lost in a storm and had died in the cold weather.

However, when the discovery of an arrowhead in his body, it was clear that the Iceman was murdered.

Analysis showed that the arrow had entered his body and cut through an artery in his chest.

This would have caused severe bleeding and weakened him.

With the loss of blood, he couldn't have survived for very long after being shot.

What damage did the arrow do when it entered his body? - It cut through an artery.

(1) When the body of the Iceman was discovered, nobody realized that he had been murdered.
(2) It was first believed that he got lost in a storm and had died in the cold weather.
(3) However, when the discovery of an arrowhead in his body, it was clear that the Iceman was murdered.
(4) Analysis showed that the arrow had entered his body and cut through an artery in his chest.

Further examinations revealed something more about how he may have died.

Using a CT scan, scientists found blood in his brain.

This indicated that he was struck on the head before he died.

Either he was hit on the head or he fell and struck his head on a rock.

This probably happened when he was in a weakened condition after being shot by the arrow.

What did the presents of blood in his brain indicate? -He was struck on the head before he died.

Using a CT scan, scientists found blood in his brain. This indicated that he was struck on the head before he died. Either he was hit on the head or he fell and struck his head on a rock. This probably happened when he was in a weakened condition after being shot by the arrow.

Additional evidence showed that the arrow itself had been pulled out of the body.

It had been pulled out with force, leaving just the arrowhead inside.

Even more interesting was what was left behind, the copper ax.

The technology needed to make such a weapon was new at the time.

As a result, scientists believe it was a sign of great wealth and position.

This suggests that the Iceman may have been an important leader.

It also raises the question of why the killer didn't take it with him.

What didn't the killer take with him after killing the Iceman? -the copper ax

(1) Additional evidence showed that the arrow itself had been pulled out of the body.
(2) It had been pulled out with force, leaving just the arrowhead inside.
(3) Even more interesting was what was left behind, the copper ax.
(4) The technology needed to make such a weapon was new at the time.

Either he was hit on the head or he fell and struck his head on a rock.

The killer left the copper ax behind, even though it was valuable.

It also raises the question of why the killer didn't take it with him.

The copper ax, a symbol of power and wealth, was left near the body.

When the body of the Iceman was discovered, nobody realized that he had been murdered.

L5-U2-P4-2 Listening : World's Oldest Murder 2 

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World's Oldest Murder 2

If the Iceman was important, he may have been the leader of his community.

One leading theory about his death is that he was assassinated.

In ancient times, to take power, you often had to kill the leader.

Perhaps the Iceman was the target of an assassination.

The murderer may have followed the Iceman and killed him from behind.

Then, to protect his identity, he pulled out the arrow and covered the body.

He left the copper ax behind so that he couldn't be identified.

According to this theory, the Iceman was killed by a member of his own community.

Therefore, the murderer was probably someone he knew.

According to this theory, why didn't the killer take the ax? -He didn't want to be identifed.

The murderer may have followed the Iceman and killed him from behind.Then, to protect his identity, he pulled out the arrow and covered the body. He left the copper ax behind so that he couldn't be identified.

According to this theory, ...the Iceman was assassinated.

If the Iceman was important,he may have been the leader of his community. One leading theory about his death is that he was assassinated. In ancient times, to take power, you often had to kill the leader. Perhaps the Iceman was the target of an assassination.

Another theory is that the Iceman was killed after a battle with outsiders.

Since his community was located along an important trade route, it may have been attacked.

The Iceman may have been a military leader fighting to defend his village.

Perhaps he was in a battle with the attackers on the day that he died.

According to this theory, he was fleeing from the battle and was caught from behind in an isolated area.

According to this theory, who killed the iceman? - an of the outsider attackers

Why might the Iceman's village have been attacked? -his community was located along an important trade route.

However, from an analysis of his stomach, it is unlikely that he was running from anyone.

There was a half-pound of food in his stomach when he died.

Since food only remains in the stomach for about an hour, he must have eaten a large meal shortly before his death.

Someone who is in a hurry would never take the time to stop and eat such a large meal.

And if he was killed by outsiders, why didn't they take the copper ax?

So the question remains about what happened on that final day of his life.

The truth is that nobody will ever know what really happened.

The Iceman's murder will remain a mystery forever.

Why is it unlikely that he was killed by outsiders? -Outsiders probably wouldn't have left the ax.

The Iceman's murder will remain a mystery forever.

The murderer may have followed the Iceman and killed him from behind.

In ancient times, to take power, you often had to kill the leader.

Since food only remains in the stomach for about an hour, he must have eaten a large meal shortly before his death.

If the Iceman was important, he may have been the leader of his community.

Why is it unlikely that he was running away? - He stopped to eat a meal shortly after he was killed.

There was a half-pound of food in his stomach when he died.

Perhaps he was in a battle with the attackers on the day that he died.

One leading theory about his death is that he was assassinated.

Someone who is in a hurry would never take the time to stop and eat such a large meal.

Since his community was located along an important trade route, it may have been attacked.

L5-U2-P4-3 Vocabulary : Interactions

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To interfere, to slow something down or make it worse by getting in the way.

Having too many meetings is interfering with our work.

I told her to leave us alone and not to interfere in our problems.

All that noise is interfering with my ability to think.

She told me not to interfere, so I left the room and let them deal with the problem.

We can't finish the project on time if she continues to interfere by asking too many questions.

To reflect, to think about or consider something, or to throw back image as from a mirror.

Before I make a decision, I'd like some time to reflect.

When you look into a mirror, your image is reflected back to you.

After finishing the project, he looked back and reflected on what might have been done to make it better.

Upon further reflection, I've decided to postpone the project.

When I reflect on something, I look at it again and again in my mind and try to see all sides of it.

To influence, to have an effect on something.

I think she can help us influence the others.

I don't think we can influence the final result.

They don't care what we think, so it will be difficult to influence their decision.

With his powerful support, maybe we can influence their decision to pospone the project.

We can't influence the result, so we don't need to worry about it.

There's nothing we can do to influence the result because they don't care anything except money.

To focus, to bring attention to something and make it clear.

If we don't focus on something, we won't get anything done.

We aren't sure what to focus on, so everyone is confused.

He focused on too many details and didn't see the overall shape, so the product was a failure.

The problem with that company is that they don't focus enough on improving quality.

It's important to focus, but you have to be careful not to get lost in details.

To exaggerate, to describe something is larger or more important than it really is.

It's difficult to believe what he says because he always exaggerates.

She said she could sell anything, but of course that was an exaggeration.

They exaggerate the benefits of their product and ignore the problems in quality, so I don't trust them.

In my opinion, it's better to exaggerate your skills a bit in an interview rather than be too modest.

She said she was fluent in English, but she was exaggerating, so it's no surprise that she makes so many mistakes.

I told her to leave us alone and not to interfere in our problems.

They don't care what we think so it will be difficult to influence their decision.

She said she could sell anything, but of course that was an exaggeration.

Upon further reflection I've decided to postpone the project.

We can't influence the result, so we don't need to worry about it.

I'm afraid this terrible news may influence their decision to support us.

When I reflect on something, I look at it again and again in my mind and try to see all sides of it.

The problem with that company is that they don't focus enough on improving quality.

Before making a quick decision,he needs some time to reflect.

I'm afraid this terrible news may influence their decision.

If things are unclear and confusing,we need to focus on something.

To describe something as larger or more important than it really is ——to exaggerate.

When you look into a mirror, your image is reflected back to you.

We aren't sure what to focus on, so everyone is confused.

It's difficult to believe what he says because he always exaggerates.

All that noise is interfering with my ability to think.

I don't think we can influence the final result.

It's difficult to believe what he says because he always exaggerates.

After finishing the project, he looked back and reflected on what might have been done to make it better.

If we don't focus on something, we won't get anything done.

L5-U2-P4-4 Vocabulary : Features of Information 

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Features of Information

To be persuasive, able to cause people to do something by asking or giving reasons.

She is good at selling things, because she is very persuasive.

You can be more persuasive if you have facts to support you.

He isn't very persuasive because people don't trust him.

They can't be persuaded to change their minds, so let's not waste time with them.

To be convincing, to provide powerful support for a believe and to overcome doubts.

The evidence that he was murdered was convincing.

I couldn't convince them that I was telling the truth, so they arrested me.

They weren't convinced that the date was useful, because it was too disorganized.

The evidence we use to persuade them was very convincing.

To be misleading, to lead away from the truth, to give a false idea.

Their advertisements are misleading, so be careful not to be fooled.

He tried to mislead me into buying it by exaggerating the benefits.

The claims made by that company mislead me into buying something that didn't work.

I won't vote for him because what he says is misleading and too good to be true.

To be unique, to be highly unusual or different from others.

I like that design, because it's unique and attractive.

She has a unique personality that some people don't like.

They try too hard to be unique, but they should focus more on quality and better service.

Everthing about her is uniqure, so people are curious to know more about her.

To be ordinary, to be just like others, not different from any other.

Their products are ordinary with nothing except a low price to recommend them.

The food at that restaurant was expensive, but the taste was ordinary.

They said they were special, but their designs were ordinary and boring.

Able to cause people to do something by asking or giving reasons ——to be persuasive.

To be highly unusual or different from others ——to be unique.

To lead away from the truth, to give a false idea ——to be misleading.

To be just like others, not different from any other ——to be ordinary.

Their products are ordinary with nothing except a low price to recommend them.

I couldn't convince them that I was telling the truth, so they arrested me.

He tried to mislead me into buying it by exaggerating the benefits.

There is nothing ordinary about her, so we should give her a promotion.

Their advertisements are misleading, so be careful not to be fooled.

She is good at selling things because she is very persuasive.

Their demonstration was boring and disorganized, so it failed to persuade anyone.

He tried to mislead me into buying it by exaggerating the benefits.

L5-U2-P4-5 Dialogue : Improving Personal Image

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Improving Personal Image

M: Did you see the beautiful sunset tonight? It was gorgeous.

W: No I didn't, but I'm surprised you even noticed such things.

M: Really? Why are you surprised?

W: You're so focused on your work. I didn't imagine you had room in your mind for nature.

M: Really? Well, I just don't show it. I make a point of it to notice such things as often as I can.

She couldn't imagine ...that he had room in his mind for nature.

W: You know, I think you should try to show that side of yourself more often. It will improve your image.

M: So you think my image needs improving?

W: Well, it wouldn't hurt to be a little less formal and to smile once in a while. You might also improve the way you dress, maybe with a few more warm colors?

Which side of himself should he show more often? - the side that notices nature

M: I'm afraid I don't know much about fashion design and warm colors.

W: Do you really think the way we dress influences people?

W: You must be kidding. The first impression you give is based on your appearance and clothes. Don't you ever notice the kind of shoes someone is wearing?

M: No, I hardly notice.

What doesn't he know much about? - fashion design and warm colors

You're so focused on your work.

She was surprised that he noticed the beautiful sunset.

Don't you ever notice the kind of shoes someone is wearing?

I'm afraid I don't know much about fashion design and warm colors.

She couldn't imagine that he had room in his mind to notice things like sunsets.

W: Well then, that explains why your shoes are always the same. How old the shoes you are wearing now?

M: These? I don't know, probably a year or so.

W: And I bet you've been wearing them almost everyday. They look like it.

M: That's right. These shoes are comfortable and they weren't expensive. I'll bet yours were expensive.

W: Well, they weren't cheap. I think it's important to dress right, to dress for the occasion and make a good impression.

How long has he had the shoes wearing? -about a year

To bet on something means ...to be fairly confident about it.

M: OK, why don't we go shopping together this weekend? You can be my fashion adviser.

W: What's it for me?

M: If I like your advice, I'll buy you another pair of shoes. How's that?

W: OK, but they won't be cheap. You understand that, right?

M: Of course, but it'll be worth it if you think my new look will improve my image.

W: I guarantee it. With me as an adviser, you can't go wrong.

What does he suggest for the weekend? -He suggests that they go shopping together.

She guarantees that his new look will improve his image.

With me as an adviser, you can't go wrong.

He hardly notices things such as shoes or clothes styles.

I think it's important to dress right, to dress for the occasion and make a good impression.

You might also improve the way you dress, maybe with a few more warm colors?