虚拟语气

虚拟语气主要用来表示假设，而非客观存在的事实，所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。

例如语气：

陈述语气：

If you are free, please help me with my homework. - 你有时间的时候帮助我做一下我的作业。

虚拟语气：

If I were free, I would help you with your homework. - 如果我有时间就帮你做作业了。

虚拟语气通常表达某种意愿(包括拒绝)。陈述语句表达的“如果”通常是可实现的，而虚拟语气表达的“如果”可能是实现不了的，或者实现的可能性很小，例如：如果我是你，我不会那样做。”我“不可能变成”你“。

1、虚拟语气的时态

1、对现在虚拟

从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时(Be动词用were,虚拟语气的be动词不论主语如何，都不会用was，只用were.)

主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：

(1)If I were you，I would take an umbrella. - 如果我是你，我会带把伞。(事实上，我不可能是你)

(2)If I knew his telephone number，I would tell you. - 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你(事实上不知道)

(3)If I were young, I could enjoy this party, - 如果我还年轻，我肯定很享受这个派对。

(4)If I had more money, I would buy a car. - 如果我有更多钱，我就会买辆车。

2、对过去虚拟

从句：If+主语+had+done

主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done

例如：

(1)If I had got there earlier，I should/would have met her. - 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。(事实上去晚了)

(2)If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake. - 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实：没有听我的话)

(3)If I had known the gossip then, I would have told you. - 如果我那时候知道这个传言，我就会告诉你。

(4)We would not have dozed off if out teacher had spoken louder. - 如果老师讲课大声点，我们就不会打瞌睡了。

3、对将来虚拟

从句：①if+主语+were to do

②if+主语+should+do

③if+主语+动词一般过去式（be动词用were）

主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do

例如：

(1)If he should come here tomorrow，I would talk to him. - 万一他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。(事实上来的可能性很小，或者不可能)

(2)If there were a heavy snow next Sunday，we would go skating. - 下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。(事实上下雪可能性很小，或者不可能)

从以上例句可以看出，主句和从句的时态通常都是一致的。

4、虚拟语气时态的混用

主句和从句的时态并不总是一致的，我们可能会遇到这种说法，“如果我年轻的时候努力学习，现在肯定是个成功人士了”或者“如果我年轻的时候努力学习，将来我肯定能成为一个科学家”。这种条件句叫做错综条件句。

这意味着，从句和主句所要表达的东西不在同一个时间里，从句里对过去假设，主句里可能要表达的是现在或者将来。此时就需要混用时态。

在时态混用的时候，从句和主语各自遵从它所在时间的时态规则，互不影响。

例如：

If I had worked hard at school，I would be an engineer now. - 如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在就是一个工程师了

2、其它情况下的虚拟语气

1、表示某些未发生或者已有相反状况发生时的主观意愿

这种情况通常用宾语从句，而不用if引导的条件状语从句。

例如：

I suggest that everyone should be quiet. - 我建议每个人都保持安静。

注：当我如此建议时，说明目前的事实与我的意愿相反，所以用虚拟语气。类似的情况还有“我希望”，“我坚持”，“我要求/命令”，“我提议”，“我期待” 等等。这类动词后面接宾语从句，从句的谓语动词一般是should + 动词原形，should可以省略。

例如：

(1)He insisted that I (should) stay. - 他坚持要我留下来。

(2)He ordered that is (should) be sent back. - 他命令把它送回去。

(3)He suggested that we should leave early. - 他建议我们早点动身。

(4)I wish I could be of some use. - 我希望我能有什么用处。

注：比较特殊的时wish，wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语不能有should。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)；若表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)+动词原形。

(5)I wish I knew his phone number. - 我很希望我知道他的手机号。

另外，并不是所有具有此类动词的宾语从句就一定是虚拟语气，如果所说的是既定的事实或者观点，那就是陈述语气。

例如：

He insists he is a student. - 他坚持说他是个学生。

2、as(so) long as, in case, unless等等。

但是unless通常不用于虚拟语气的从句中。

(1)Suppose you had ten million dollars, what would you like to do first? - 假设你有一千万，你首先会做什么？

(2)I will stay here provided the climate agrees with me tomorrow. - 如果天气允许，我会留在这里。

3、“就好像……一样”

(1)He talks as if(=as though) he knew everything. - 他说得好像自己什么都知道一样。

注：这时候要通过语境和句意来判断是否要用虚拟语气，有时候我们说“说得好像真的一样”，类似这样的句子很明显是反话，所以用虚拟语气。

(2)She looks as if(=as though) she had seen a ghost. - 她那时候看起来好像见了鬼一样。

(3)He laughed as if(=as though) nothing had happened. - 他笑得好像什么都没发生。

4、当从句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首。这种多用于书面语。

例如：

(1)If I were a bird, I could fly to you. = Were I a bird, I could fly to you. - 如果我是一只鸟，我会飞向你。

(2)If he had known the truth, he would have told you. = Had he know the truth, he would have told you. - 如果他知道真相，他会告诉你。

5、“是时候做某事了”

It’s time / about time / almost time / high time / (that) +主语 + 虚拟语气。

当说到“到了坐某事的时候”时，即意味着目前还没有做某事，这时候就可以用虚拟语气。

例如：

(1)It’s past midnight. It’s time (that) the children went to bed. - 过了半夜了，孩子们给睡觉了。

注：that可省略。

(2)It’s about time you apologized to her for what you did. - 是时候为你做的事向她道歉了。

注：我们以前在讲《动词不定式》时讲过有另一种用法可以表达相同的意思，即It’s time for + 人 + to do ...，其效果是一样的。

6、但愿

If only + 主语 + ...

(1)If only my tooth would stop hurting! - 但愿我的牙齿不会再疼了。

(2)If only I had taken her advice. - 我那时候接受她的忠告就好了。

注：if only 和 I wish的用法差不多。

7、要是没有...的话

If it were not for~,对现在的虚拟

If it had not been for~对过去的虚拟

例如：

(1)If it were not for music, he couldn’t live a moment. - 如果没有音乐的话，他一刻也活不下去。

也有其它说法，我们刚刚学到的：

Were it not for music, he couldn’t live a moment.

或者用without:

He couldn’t live a moment without music.

或者：

But for music, he couldn’t live a moment.

(2)If it had not been for the traffic jam, we would have been in time for the game. - 要是那时候没有堵车的话，我们就能赶上比赛了。

同样，也有其它的说法：

Had is not been for the traffic jam, we would have been in time for the game.

Without the traffic jam, we would have been in time for the game.

But for the traffic jam, we would have been in time for the game.

3、代替if从句的用法

1、动词不定式

(1)If you heard him talk, you would think he knew all about the secret. - 如果你听到他的话，你会以为他知道了所有的秘密。

这句话相当于：

To hear him talk, you would think he knew all about the secret.

2、副词连接词/副词短语

(1)If I didn’t know he was a innocent, I wouldn’t try to save him. - 如果我不知道他是无辜的，我也不会尝试去救他。

=I know he is innocent, otherwise I wouldn’t try to save him. - 我知道他是无辜的，否则我不会救他。

(2)If we hadn’t hidden in the forest, they would have found us. - 如果我们没有所在森林里，他们就发现我们了。

=

We hid in the forest, otherwise they would have found us.

(3)If you had a little patience, you could get over your difficulty. - 如果你有点耐心，你会克服很多困难。

=

With a little patience, you could get over your difficulty

3、分词构句

构句分为三步：

去掉连结词

把相同的主语去掉

动词（V.）+ ing(如果是被动就用过去分词)

例如：

(1)The same man, if he were living in this century, would be a hero. - 这样一个人，如果活在现在，会是一个英雄。

=

The same man, living in this century, would be a hero.

(2)If you were seen from a distance, you might look handsome. - 如果远点看的话，你可能会帅一点。

=

Seen from a distance, you might look handsome.

4、作主语的名词

(1)If he were a man of sense, he would not say such a thing. - 如果他是一个有知识的人，他就不会这样说了。

=

A man of sense wouldn’t say such a thing. - 有常识的人不会这样说的。

(2)If he were a secret agent, he would never tell you his real name. - 如果他是一个情报人员，他是不会告诉你他的真名的。

=

A secret agent would never tell you his real name.

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