智能区块链国际会议 SmartBlock 2018
论文集下载地址: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-05764-0

论文1

论文标题：Hiding Bitcoin Transaction Information Based on HEVC
摘要：Blockchain technology in Bitcoin is a decentralized, de-trusted, open and transparent distributed data storage technology that can reduce trust costs and achieve secure and reliable data interaction. However, an attacker can easily obtain all the Bitcoin transaction information from a public global ledger and use big-data analysis techniques to mine private information such as user transaction laws. Therefore, it is necessary to hide some of the transaction information in the public data. This paper presents a Bitcoin transaction information hiding algorithm based on HEVC without intra-frame distortion drift. We embed the specified transaction data into the three-tuple of the 4 4 luminance DST blocks which meet our conditions to avert the distortion drift. With the cross using of multiple three-tuple, the visual quality of the embedded video had a better promotion than using single three-tuple. The experimental results show that this new data hiding algorithm can effectively avert intra-frame distortion drift and get good visual quality.

论文2

论文标题：A New Sustainable Interchain Design on Transport Layer for Blockchain
摘要：Blockchain is the technology architecture to provide reliable and trustworthy services for the transactions on Internet. Blockchain can remove the middleman or the third parties from the chain of the transactions, which will make the sellers and buyers complete the transactions directly without the help from the other parties. When blockchains are widely used in different areas, a problem is emerging: how to exchange the information among different blockchains. Traditionally, a public blockchain is used to link to the two blockchains which need to exchange their information. Such design can provide a solution to the cross-chain problem. However, there will be three blockchains involved in the data exchange. In this article, a cross-chain protocol is proposed to solve the cross-chain problem. This cross-chain protocol is called Unitary Interchain Network Protocol on Transport Layer (UINP), which supports cross-chain mechanism from the transport-layer. UINP is used in Unitary Blockchain network, and it can give the low latency convenience to blockchain networks that built on the application-layer.

论文3

论文标题：Design and Implementation of a Loan System Based on Smart Contract
摘要：With the continuous development of the economy, the problems of complicated procedures, mutual distrust, and transaction amount limitation in the traditional lending model can no longer meet the needs of the market. This paper proposes a smart contract-based loan system which uses the decentralized and non-tamperable features of the blockchain to join the loan system through an auto-signing loan treaty. In our system, there is no need to establish any trust base between users, nor does it require the participation of any third-party intermediate trust medium. Users can conduct peer-to-peer transactions with any user in the loan system. The actual test proves that the system can intelligently realize the process of borrowing, loan and repayment. The distributed application is robust, easy to operate and practical.

论文4

论文标题：Formal Verification of Smart Contracts from the Perspective of Concurrency
摘要：Blockchain is an emerging technology with broad applications. As an important application of the blockchain, smart contracts can formulate trading rules to manage thousands of virtual currencies. Nowadays, the IoT (Internet of Things) combined with blockchain has become a new trend and smart contract can implement different transaction demands for IoT-blockchain systems. Once there exits vulnerability in the smart contract program, the security of the virtual currency will not be guaranteed. However, ensuring the security of smart contracts is never an easy task. On the one hand, existing smart contracts cannot identify fake users or malicious programs, which is difficult to be regulated at present; on the other hand, smart contracts involving in multiple trading users are very similar to shared-memory concurrent programs. To deal with these problems, this study uses formal verification methods, adopting the Communicating Sequence Processes (CSP) theory to formally model concurrent programs. Then the FDR (Failure Divergence Refinement), a refinement checker or model checker for CSP, is utilized to successfully detect the vulnerability regarding concurrency in one smart contract public in Ethereum. The results show the potential advantage of using CSP and FDR tool to check the vulnerability in smart contracts especially from the perspective of concurrency.

论文5

论文标题：A Blockchain Based Data Management System for Energy Trade
摘要：A new type of energy trade called the distributed energy resource has emerged in recent years, which can bring several benefits to people. However, trust issue also appeared among governments, users and energy companies. To solve the problem, smart contract and Ethereum are used to develop a system for distributed energy trade. A smart contract is a computer protocol intended to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. Ethereum is one of the decentralized platforms that run smart contracts. With the usage of smart contract and Ethereum, the system is reliable and it avoids the risk of using centralized energy management system. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to develop a blockchain based data management IoT system for energy chain transaction by Ethereum and test the smart contract by communicating sequential process (CSP) which is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems.

论文6

论文标题：A Distributed Digital Asset-Trading Platform Based on Permissioned Blockchains
摘要：With the rapid development of cryptocurrencies, digital-asset transaction has become important, and the security and privacy of the centralized asset-trading platform are becoming serious. Distributed digital assettrading platform has many characteristics such as high security and low transaction cost, thus received significant attention. In this paper, we first introduce distributed digital-asset-trading platforms, and evaluates currently available platforms by showing the strength and weakness of these platforms. Second, based on these analyses, we propose some principles of distributed digital-assettrading platforms. Third, based on these principles, we put forward a novel exchange blockchain (EBC), which is based on permissioned blockchain (BC). We introduce the EBC system (EBCS), and analyse the performances of EBCS. Finally, we summarize and prospect future work of EBCS.

论文7

论文标题：Crux—A New Fast, Flexible and Decentralized Consensus Algorithm with High Fault Tolerance Rate
摘要：This paper presents Crux, a new permissionless blockchain consensus algorithm that achieves higher fault tolerance rate with more flexibility than existing blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and EOS. Crux utilize a DPoS-XPaxos pipelined algorithm to achieve effective and efficient consensus. Those who hold tokens in Crux elect 2f + 1 block producers called validators through a continuous approval voting system. The elected validators are scheduled in an order and produce blocks in turns agreed by all of the validators. XPaxos, guarantees 2ff+1 fault tolerance rate, is added to traditional DPoS to confirm blocks. Once f + 1 validators have signed a block, it is deemed irreversible. Analysis shows Crux provides higher securities, better flexibility, higher TPS (transaction per second) with little cost of centralization compared with existing blockchain consensus algorithms.

论文8

论文标题：Boost Blockchain Broadcast Propagation with Tree Routing
摘要：In recent years, with the rapid development and popularization of BitCoin, the research of blockchain technology has also shown growth. It has gradually become a new generation of distributed, noncentralized and trust-based technology solution. However, the blockchain operation is expensive and transaction is delayed. Take BitCoin as an example. On the one hand, a block is produced every ten minute. On the other hand, once the new block is generated, it takes a certain time to propagate world wide. The slow speed of propagation determines that BitCoin can not use too small block interval time. Ethereum also faces similar problems, so the concept of uncle block was introduced to reduce blockchain forks. This paper introduces a new tree structure based broadcast propagation routing model, providing a novel method to organize network nodes and message propagation mechanism. In oder to avoid the single node failure problem, the tree cluster routing is proposed. The research shows that the tree based routing can accelerate broadcast convergence time and reduce redundant traffic.

论文9

论文标题：A Simple Auditable Fingerprint Authentication Scheme Using Smart-Contracts
摘要：Biometric authentication, and notably using fingerprints, are now common. Despite its usability, biometrics have however a caveat which is the impossibility of revocation: once the raw fingerprint is breached, and depending on the technology of the reader, it is impossible to stop an illegitimate authentication. This places a focus on auditing both to detect fraud and to have clear indications that the fingerprint has been breached. In this paper we show how to take advantage of the immutability property of Blockchains to design an auditable protocol based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange with applications to fingerprint authentication.

论文10

论文标题：A Vision for Trust, Security and Privacy of Blockchain
摘要：To introduce the latest technology of blockchain. In this paper, we discuss the problems from the aspect of reliability and security, which is encountered in the current blockchain technology and some research in the frontier field were introduced to develop the blockchain better. The scope of the discussion includes data availability issues, light client, fraud proof issues and zero knowledge proof issues.

论文11

论文标题：A Blockchain-Based Data Hiding Method for Data Protection in Digital Video
摘要：The protection of secret data based on data hiding technique provides the basic security services for digital video through network transmission. However, the video with secret data is stored with centralized storage, which is vulnerable from external centralized attacks, such as the loss and tampering of the digital video. The protection of copyright and privacy data for digital video is still open issues. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based data hiding method for data protection in digital video. To improve the integrity certification of secret data and the video, we combined the blockchain and data hiding techniques by adding the hash value to the block with a traceable hash value record; to improve the protection level of privacy data such as copyright related to digital video, we designed a DCT-based data hiding scheme which interact with the blockchain record, where the external chain is utilized as the controller for the privacy data into carrier video. Similar to Bitcoin, This system removes the need for a trusted third party, enabling autonomous control of privacy data.

论文12

论文标题：A Novel Sustainable Interchain Network Framework for Blockchain
摘要：The traditional online data exchanges are processed through the third-parties’ support. However, such mode is facing the problem on personal privacy disclosure and relate issues. Blockchain has been proposed as a promising diagram as the new approach for data organization and management, especially for the online data exchanges. It can provide reliable and credible service for business and related requirements as the decentralization technology. The blockchain network itself is always the focus of the whole system for it’s the foundation of all the services. When more than one blockchains is proposed to provide different services for different using environments, it is becoming a challenge on how to exchange the data between the different blockchains. In this paper, we provide the design of unitary, which a novel sustainable interchain network framework for blockchain. Unitary Interchain Network is a network consists of infinite parallel global blockchain networks. It is a distributed P2P network of decentralized networks. It can provide sustainable service as the basic blockchain network.

论文13

论文标题：Economic Incentive Structure for Blockchain Network
摘要：Traditionally the transactions need middleman or the thirdparty to keep them trustworthy. However, the middleman itself may be the bottleneck of the trust model. When all the transactions are dealt with by the third parties, these third parties may not be trustworthy any more. Blockchain is proposed to eliminate the third parties of the transactions, which will make the trading parties of the transactions “face to face”. Though blockchain can provide the potential solution, it is still in rapid progress. At present, blockchain technology has been widely used to provide reliable transaction support. But the application mechanism is too complex and the demand for high concurrency is strong in some specific industries. This paper introduces a delegated parliament, which is selected from the unified node, whose role is to unite different blockchains and adjust the economic system of the network within a single chain, automatically form a decentralized marked financial market and an economy consensus law that complies with community laws and regulations. This structure is used in Unitary blockchain network, which provides the proof of its efficiency.

论文14

论文标题：An Improved Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain
摘要：When consistency and stability is becoming more and more important in network, blockchain is emerging as a potential solution for this challenge. The network is always the focus of the blockchain for it is the foundation of all the services. It is still a challenge on how to improve the performance of the network especially in the implementation of a real blockchain. In this paper, an improved network for blockchain is proposed to combine different blockchain networks together. It uses POU consensus mechanism to make the blockchain network environment better, which consists of Proof of Stake Entrance, Hash Net Verification and Delegated Parliament. This improved consensus mechanism is used in Unitary blockchain network. It can provide stable and credible network services for business and related requirements.

论文15

论文标题：A Novel Cross-Chain Mechanism for Blockchains
With the popularity of online transactions, a large number of online transaction data has caused people to pay more attention to the privacy and security of data. The emergence of blockchain has brought the credibility of data to get rid of the limitations of trusted third parties and brought a secure distributed trading environment’. However, as the volume of transaction data increases, people will choose to trade on multiple blockchains. But establishing transactions between different blockchains is difficult. In this paper, a novel cross-chain mechanism for blockchains is proposed to provide basic support to the interconnection between blockchains. We stated our research and analyzed the feasibility of our research.

论文16

论文标题：How to Detect and Contain Suspicious Transactions in Distributed Ledgers
摘要：Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) like Blockchain Technology (BCT) enables the development of trust-free P2P networks, consisting of nodes that process and propagate transactions in form of messages. Trust into other nodes and/or messages is replaced by trust into the protocols that are governing the network; most notably the message signature and consensus protocols. Depending on the chosen consensus protocols, resilience towards malicious/ faulty nodes and messages ranges between 1=3 and 1=2 1 of all nodes. However, an often overlooked aspect within the resilience/security aspects of DLT networks is that they tend to interact with other components that are often less resilient e.g. clients/wallets. This, in turn, allows attackers to issue forged transactions that are formally correct. This paper focuses on detecting and containing such transaction using metadata and event propagation.

论文17

论文标题：A Dynamic Scalable Blockchain Based Communication Architecture for IoT
摘要：The recent development of Blockchain based cryptocurrency technology has enabled a high level of trust and security for many applications in people’s daily life. Traditional Blockchain architecture can provide decentralized and trustworthy systems for financial services with persistency, anonymity, and auditability guaranteed. Internet of Things (IoT), as the next promising smart system, has the similar decentralized topology with Blockchain. However, deploying Blockchain in IoT system is still unpractical in many aspects. In this paper, we first point out the practical obstacles to deploy Blockchain topology in IoT system. Then a dynamic Blockchain based trust system is proposed to provide a dynamic and scalable communication architecture for IoT networks. We also present a case study to further discuss the security issues and provide future research directions.

论文18

论文标题：The Impact of Blockchain on Food Supply Chain: The Case of Walmart
摘要：Blockchain technology has become increasingly popular and attracted interests from many innovators, technologists and scholars in recent years. Beyond the financial sector, the blockchain technology is promising in addressing the current limitations in food supply chain management. As the adoption of blockchain in food supply chain is still in an early stage, it is significant to have a thematic framework for understanding the impacts of blockchain technology. This paper aims to exploring the adoption of blockchain technology in food supply chains with a thematic analysis. A desktop research is conducted and all the data is collected from online databases, including Factiva, Nexis, and Google scholar. Then we carry out a qualitative thematic analysis, according to the investigation processes suggested by Creswell. The findings illustrate four categories of impacts of the adoption of blockchain on food supply chains.