Python数据分析matplotlib可视化之绘图！

作者: 14e61d025165 | 来源:发表于2019-06-01 15:05 被阅读2次

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Matplotlib是一个基于python的2D画图库，能够用python脚本方便的画出折线图，直方图，功率谱图，散点图等常用图表，而且语法简单。

Python中通过matplotlib模块的pyplot子库来完成绘图。Matplotlib可用于创建高质量的图表和图形，也可以用于绘制和可视化结果。matplotlib是Python优秀的数据可视化第三方库，matplotlb.pyplot是绘制种类可视化图形的命令子库，相当于快捷方式 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt.

线形图：

线性图是最基本的图表类型，常用于绘制连续的数据。通过绘制线形图，可以表现出数据的一种趋势变化。

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Matplotlib的plot（X,Y）用来绘制线形图，在参数中传入X和Y的坐标即可。其中，X和Y轴坐标的数据格式可以是列表、数组和Series.

例1：坐标数据格式为series

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
data={'name':['Tom','Peter','Lucy','Max'],
'sex':['female','female','male','male'],
'math':[78,79,83,92],
'city':['北京','上海','广州','北京']
}
df=pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

DataFrame数据的行索引作为X轴，math列索引作为Y轴

plt.plot(df.index,df['math'],color='red',linestyle='-',linewidth=3,marker='D')

通过plot函数的color参数可以指定线条的颜色，

</pre>

linestyle参数可以指定线条的形状，

linewidth参数可指定线条的宽度，

marker参数可对坐标点进行标记（默认情况下，坐标点是没有标记的），

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">结果：
name sex math city #创建一个DataFrame数据
0 Tom female 78 北京
1 Peter female 79 上海
2 Lucy male 83 广州
3 Max male 92 北京
</pre>

绘制的线性图：

!]( https://img.haomeiwen.com/i4809664/7ca76b8569cdce1b?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240 )

注意： 颜色设置要放在线条和点的样式的前面 ，颜色、线条和点的样式可以放置于格式字符串。

如:plt.plot(df.index,df['math'],'co-')

运行结果如下：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660207" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

2. 柱状图

2.1 绘制柱状图主要是使用matplotlib的 bar函数 :

bar函数的color参数可以设置柱状图的填充颜色，

alpha参数可以设置透明度，

例如：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data=[23,85,72,43,52]
plt.bar([1,2,3,4,5],data,color='royalblue',alpha=0.7)
</pre>

运行结果：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660210" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

bottom参数用于设置柱状图的高度，以此绘制堆积柱状图；

width参数用于设置柱状图的宽度， 以此可以绘制并列柱状图 。

grid函数用于绘制格网，通过对参数的个性化设置，可以绘制出个性的格网

例如：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data1=[23,85,72,43,52]
data2=[42,35,21,16,9]
width=0.3
plt.bar(np.arange(len(data1)),data1,color='royalblue',alpha=0.7,width=width)
plt.bar(np.arange(len(data2))+width,data2,color='green',alpha=0.7,width=width)
plt.grid(color='black',linstyle='--',linewidth=3,axis='y',alpha=0.6)
</pre>

运行结果：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660216" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

Bar函数的通过barh函数可以绘制水平柱状图

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data1=[23,85,72,43,52]
plt.barh(np.arange(len(data1)),data1,color='green',alpha=0.5)
</pre>

如图所示：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660218" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

2.2 刻度与标签：

现实中的柱状图的X轴是有刻度标签的，上述实例中未设置。在matplotlib中，

通过 xticks函数 设置图标的X轴的刻度和刻度标签， yticks函数设置y轴的刻度和标签。

通过xlabel 和 ylabel 方法给X轴和Y轴添加标签，

通过title方法为图表添加标题

例如：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data1=[23,85,72,43,52]
labels=['A','B','C','D','E']
plt.xticks(range(len(data1)),labels) #设置刻度和标签
plt.xlabel('Class') #plt.xlabel、ylabel、title方法分别给X轴和Y轴，图标题添加标签。
plt.ylabel('Amounts')
plt.title('Example')

plt.bar(range(len(data1)),data)

plt.bar(np.arange(len(data1)),data1,color='royalblue',alpha=0.7)
plt.grid(color='black',linstyle='--',linewidth=3,axis='y',alpha=0.6)
</pre>

运行结果：

2.3 图例：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660224" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

图例是标识图表元素的重要工具，在bar函数中传入label参数表示图例名称，通过legend函数即可绘制出图例。

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">data1=[23,85,72,43,52]
data2=[42,35,21,16,9]
width=0.3
plt.bar(np.arange(len(data1)),data1,width=width,label='one')
plt.bar(np.arange(len(data2))+width,data2,width=width,label='two')
plt.legend()
</pre>

结果图：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660228" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

2.4 文本注解：

例如：在柱状图中加入文本数字，可以很清楚的知道每个类别的数量。通过text函数可以在指定的坐标（x,y）上加入文本注释

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">data=[23,85,72,43,52]
labels=['A','B','C','D','E']
plt.xticks(range(len(data)),labels) #设置刻度和标签
plt.xlabel('Class')
plt.ylabel('Amounts')
plt.title('Example')
plt.bar(range(len(data)),data)
for x,y in zip(range(len(data)),data):
plt.text(x,y,y,ha='center',va='bottom') #文本注解 # 第一个参数是x轴坐标

第二个参数是y轴坐标

第三个参数是要显式的内容

</pre>

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660232" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

3.散点图：

Matpltlib中 scatter函数可以用来绘制散点图，传入X和Y轴坐标。Scatter(X,Y)

利用Numpy创建一组随机数

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X=np.random.randn(100)
Y=np.random.randn(100)
plt.scatter(X,Y,color='red',marker='D')
</pre>

散点图：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660236" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

4. 直方图

matplotlib的 hist(）函数 用来绘制直方图。

直方图与条形图的区别：

直方图是用面积表示各频数的多少，矩形的高度表示每一组的频数或频率，宽度则表示各组的组距，因此其宽度与高度均有意义；

条形图（柱状图）是用条形的长度表示各类频数的多少，其宽度是固定的。

由于分组数据具有连续性，直方图的各矩形通常是连续排列，而条形图是分开排列；条形图主要是用于展示分类数据，而直方图则主要用于展示数据型数据。

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">x=np.random.normal(size=100)
plt.hist(x,bins=30)
</pre>

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660241" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

image

image

5. 自定义设置

Matplotlib的图像位于Figure对象中，实际上就是创建了一个空的图像窗口。可通过figure函数可以创建一个新的Figure，用于绘制图表

fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,6)) #figsize参数可以设置图表（整个图）的长宽比

ax1=fig.add_subplot(2,2,1) #不能通过空figure绘图，必须用add_subplot()创建一个或者多个子subplot绘图区才能绘图

意思是：绘制2*2两行两列共4个子subplot图像

ax2=fig.add_subplot(2,2,2) # 在创建Figure对象过程中，通过add_subplot函数创建子图，用于绘制图形

ax3=fig.add_subplot(2,2,3)

years=[1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010]

gdp=[300.2,543.3,1075.9,2862.5,5979.6,10289.7,14958.3]

ax1.scatter(years,gdp) #选用不同的ax变量，则可以在对应的subplot子图中绘图（散点图、线形图、柱状图）

ax2.plot(years,gdp)

ax3.bar(years,gdp)

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660244" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

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plt.subplots可以轻松的创建子图，而axes的索引类型类似于二维数组，这样就可以对指定的子图进行绘制。Subplot函数中有3个参数：垂直绘图的数量、水平绘图的数量以及表示绘图位置的索引（基于行进行计算）

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">fig,axes=plt.subplots(2,2,figsize=(10,6))
axes[1,0].plot(years,gdp)
axes[0,0].scatter(years,gdp)
axes[0,1].bar(years,gdp)
axes[1,1].hist(years,gdp)
</pre>

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660247" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

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注意：当没有设置figsize时，创建多子图会显得拥挤。通过 plt..subplot_adjust方法可以设置子图的间距修改子图之间的间距（增加额外的空间以调整两个子图之间的距离）

subplots__adjust(left=None,bottom=None,right=None,top=None,wspace=None,hspace=None) ，其中前4个参数用于设置subplot子图的外围边距，wspace和hapace参数设置用于设置subplot子图间的边距。

fig,axes=plt.subplots(2,2) #未设置figsize时，默认情况下，各sudplot子图间都会留有一定的间距。

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660250" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

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<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">years=[1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010]
gdp=[300.2,543.3,1075.9,2862.5,5979.6,10289.7,14958.3]
fig,axes=plt.subplots(2,2)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.3,hspace=0.3)
axes[1,0].plot(years,gdp)
axes[0,0].scatter(years,gdp)
axes[0,1].bar(years,gdp)
axes[1,1].hist(years,gdp)
</pre>

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660256" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">

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6. 样式与字体：

Matplotlib自带了一些样式供用户使用，如 常用的ggplot样式，通过 plt.style.use('ggplot') 函数即可调用该样式绘图。 **

Matplotlib默认为英文字体，如果绘制中出现汉字就会乱码，因此需要指定matplotlib的默认字体，这样就可以解决乱码的问题，

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['simhei'] #指定默认字体

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False #解决保存图像时负号‘-’显示为方块的问题

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1559372660261" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;">