论学习

学习可以增加乐趣，可以增添光彩，可以增长才干。当你独处、退隐之时，它可以作为乐趣；当你高谈阔论之时，它让你显得更有学问；当你处理人间世事时，它让你显得技高一筹。

有专长之士，固然能明辨枝节，做事有条不紊。但能统筹规划、总揽全局者，必为博学之才。

过度沉溺于学习是怠惰，过度炫耀学问是造作，照本宣科断事是书生之气。

学习可以完善天性，经验则可以完善学习。天生之才犹如自然中的花木，它需通过学习加以剪修；学习可以给你指明方向，但它需经验加以框约。

  聪慧者蔑视学习，愚笨者羡慕学习，明智者运用学习。学习本身不教人运用，观察可以获得超越书本的智慧。

读书不为辩驳别人，不为听信他人，不为寻词摘句，而为推敲事理。

有些书可浅尝辄止，有些书可全然吞下，有些书则需细嚼慢咽。换言之，有些书可只读片段，有些书可大致通览，而有些书则需研读始终。有些书可请人代读，然后取其摘要，但这仅限于主题不重要、价值不高者；否则，书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人严谨。因此，不做笔记者须有好的记忆，不常讨论者须天资聪颖，不常读书者须欺诈有术，方能掩饰其无知。

读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧；数学使人缜密，科学使人深刻；伦理学使人庄重，逻辑与修辞使人善辩。凡有所学，皆成品格。

人有智慧不足，可通过学习来弥补。正如身体之病，可借适当锻炼来消除。滚球有益于腰肾，射箭有利于胸肺，散步有利于肠胃，骑马有利于头脑，诸如此类。因此，倘若有人神智涣散，就让他学数学；因为在演算中，注意稍有分散，就必须从头开始。倘若有人不敏于辨别，就让他们学习经院哲学家，因为他们都善于吹毛求疵。倘若有人不善于处理世事，不能触类旁通，就让他学习律师的案例。因而，但凡心智不足，都有特定解决办法。

OF  STUDY

Francis Bacon

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,like common distilled waters, flashy things.

Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.

Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.