a. 作主语

i. 位于句首作主语 谓语动词用单数

1. No man is an isolated island. Your circle of friends is there to give you moral support. Spending time and engaging in worthwhile activities with them could give you a very satisfying feeling. Nothing feels better than having group support.

ii. 动名词位于句末作主语

1. It is no good/no use doing sth

iii. There is no point/use/good (in) doing sth

b. 作宾语

i. 在动词后面作宾语 admit, advise, anticipate, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, can’t help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, resent, resist, risk, can’t stand, suggest, tolerate, understand

ii. 在介词后面作宾语 除了to

1. Look forward to, object to, be/get used to, prefer doing to doing, in addition to, be accustomed to do/doing, amount to doing(意味着), take to doing(开始喜欢做), devote.. to doing/ be devoted to doing, dedicate… to doing/ be dedicated to doing, be averse to doing, be opposed to doing, get round to doing, the alternative/approach/solution to doing
   c. 在特定句型中作宾语

i. 作某事遇到了麻烦/困难 have difficulty/trouble/problems/fun/pleasure/a hard time/a good time/a difficult time doing sth

ii. 表示情不自禁和不得不的短语 can’t help doing, can’t resist doing, can’t keep from doing, can’t hold back from doing, can’t keep back from doing等等

iii. 其他句型结构 be worth/busy doing sth

d. 动名词作表语

i. Reading is permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer.

e. 作定语 放在被修饰名词的前面，表示所修饰名词的用途

i. A sleeping car, a reading room , a swimming pool

f. 动名词的逻辑主语

i. 动名词复合结构的构成 物主代词或所有格与动名词连用，构成动名词的复合结构

1. Physically and mentally women are by far the superior to men. The old chestnut about women being more emotional than men has been destroyed by the facts of two great wars.

ii. 所有格还是普通格

1. 若动名词的复合结构在句中作主语，最好用所有格形式
   a. His refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
2. 动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，用普通格或所有格均可
   a. Do you mind me/my taking a suggestion？
3. 当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的物而不是人时，最好用普通格
   a. The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.
4. 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词时，最好用普通格
   a. He was awakened by someone knocking on the door.
5. 当动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时，最好用普通格
   a. There is no point any one of us arguing with him.

iii. 动名词的复合结构的用法

1. 用作主语
2. 用作动词的宾语
3. 用作介词的宾语

g. 动名词的时态和语态（一）被动式

i. 动名词的时态和语态描述

四种体态 主动 被动
一般式 Writing Being written
完成式 Having written Having been written
进行式 没有 没有
完成进行式 没有 没有

ii. 动名词的被动式 意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者

1. He narrowly escaped being run over
   iii. 主动形式表被动 在demand, deserve, need, require, want 等情况下，主动形式表被动
2. Your hair wants cutting. You’d better have it done tomorrow.

h. 动名词的时态和语态（二）完成式 名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前

i. 动名词的完成主动式

1. He denied having been there

ii. 动名词的完成被动式

1. He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.

i. There be 的不定式与动名词形式

i. There be 的动名词形式 “有”的意思

1. He spoke of there being danger

ii. There be 的不定式形式

1. For there to be life, there must be air and water.