概要写作题型的基本要求为:
提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。(所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主)评分原则
1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于40和多于80的,从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑:
(1 )对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
(3)上下文的连贯性;
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。各档次的给分范围和要求概要写作样题
《考试说明》提供了一篇样题,具体为:
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground. 《考试说明》还提供了一个针对考试要求的概要样本(One possible version):
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1)For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点 3)However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)题型分析
概要写作,简而言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括,写出文章的中心大意,也可称之为摘要。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力,同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此,概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的,是二者的有机结合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
写概要时考生需要注意,要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来,而不是抄袭文章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心。要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用合适的语言表述出来。备考建议
首先,要明确写作步骤。建议写作步骤如下:
1.弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。
2.细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章主旨和结构,明确各段的大意。
3.列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。并把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接,使上下句之间具有连贯性。
4.列出关键词汇。关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键,如果不能准确领会其用意,语篇理解的效果就会大打折扣。概要写作的基础是理解语篇,而读懂语篇的基础是词汇,尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上,综合运用语法与句法结构,按照行文逻辑组织语言,形成概要。
其次,要注意以下一些要点:
1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。
2.安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。
3.注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。应该说《考试说明》提供的样文中句子之间的连接不够自然,如此短的篇幅中接连用了两次“However”,应该避免这种情况。
4.不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少要对原文句子做一些同义词替换,若结构上也能有一些转换,则会更好。
5.注意计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。字数在40~80词为宜,少于40的和多于80的,从总分减去2分。
6.注意检查是否有拼写错误,标点符号是否规范,书写是否整洁,这些情况都是评分的考虑范围。
再次,要注重平时训练,不能靠临时抱佛脚,而是要功在平时。以下做法供参考:
1.积累常见的同义短语和句型转换,掌握并运用单词、短语和句型,学会词汇、短语、句型的升级。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,即使有再好的写作技巧,如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识,也很难写出上乘的概要写作作文。因此,考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫,以不变应万变。
2.精选浙江省往年高考优秀的说明文阅读文章,并进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。
3.训练篇章结构的布局,增强文章的上下文连贯性。
4.进行适度的专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点,找到概要写作的感觉,冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章,进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材,分类训练篇章结构的布局,增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如:
(1)记叙文:what / who / when / where/ why / how
(2)议论文:opinion / idea + argument(supporting ideas / reasons)
(3)说明文:phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
综合以上分析可知,新高考更加重视考查考生高中阶段英语基本技能的掌握情况,也注意考查考生进入高等学校继续学习的潜能,目标是利用高考命题的导向功能推动新课程的课堂教学改革,概要写作题型的设置就是基于这个出发点。应该说我们考生对概要写作并不完全陌生,因为其实在日常的英语教学中,教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文,这在一定程度上都为概要写作打下了基础。考生如果理解准确,涵盖全部要求,完全使用自己的语言,准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇,得分相应就会比较高。相反,如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象,得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关将不得分。
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