UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY Epidemics E

UNIT 9  HUMAN BIOLOGY  Epidemics Explained  Writing Workshop Summary ( 2 )概要写作  语篇解读

背景：概要写作是 2015 年 8 月教育部考试中心发布的《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》（高考综合改革试验省份适用）（第一版）中提出的全新写作题型，于 2018 年 11 月首次在浙江高考英语卷中使用。

What：

什么是英语概要写作？概要写作（Summary Writing）是高考新题型。体裁多以议论文、说明文和记叙文为主。缩写的内容须覆盖原文的要点。概要写作是把长篇作品浓缩成简短的梗概，从而形成一篇独立的短文。概要写作的长度一般可控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一。概要写作要求语言简明扼要，是压缩文字的练习，所采用的语言是概括性的语言。用词精确，忠实原文的中心思想，对原文内容不加任何解释和评论。

对原文的高度浓缩的基础上，阅读者不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构，简练表述文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。概要写作能综合地考察学生获取文章主要信息的能力、归纳总结的能力、写作的能力。

全国高考I卷（广东）不考概要写作，但是在其他题型中会有所体现。以下一例是高考题在阅读理解中考查考生获取文章主要信息的能力：

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.  (2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 （新课标I卷）)

32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?

A. The methods of estimation.

B. The underlying logic of the effect.

C. The causes of people’s errors.

D. The design of Galton’s experiment.

语篇类型：说明文

原文长度：714词

原文共九段话，根据段落内容和意义可以划分为四个部分，如下图：

概要写作的第一段（30词）  ：

An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease over a short period of time, causing a large number of deaths, the number of which differs for different diseases.

对应原文的第一部分，包括原文的第一、二段（189词）：

An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less. Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth. They can be caused by several different factors, such as a virus being carried into an area, or changes in the way people live, like more people living in an area, which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a bacteria or virus.

Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease. The number of deaths is different for every disease. So a very rare disease will have a low baseline and just a few cases of it in one place will be classified as an epidemic; as opposed to more common diseases, such as the flu, that have a higher baseline. The common cold is a widespread virus that affects millions of people, but it is not seen as being a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of epidemic.

思考1：本部分的重点是什么?摘要中有哪些来自原文的信息?原文中的哪些信息没有出现在摘要中?

本部分的重点是介绍流行病的定义。摘要中保留了符合定义流行病的条件：传染性、传染时间、致死率。原文中的流行病传播的原因、不同传染病的致死基线和举例没有出现在摘要中。