系统
# uname -a # 查看内核/操作系统/CPU信息
# head -n 1 /etc/issue # 查看操作系统版本
# cat /proc/cpuinfo # 查看CPU信息
# hostname # 查看计算机名
# lspci -tv # 列出所有PCI设备
# lsusb -tv # 列出所有USB设备
# lsmod # 列出加载的内核模块
# env # 查看环境变量
资源
# free -m # 查看内存使用量和交换区使用量
# df -h # 查看各分区使用情况
# du -sh <目录名> # 查看指定目录的大小
# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo # 查看内存总量
# grep MemFree /proc/meminfo # 查看空闲内存量
# uptime # 查看系统运行时间、用户数、负载
# cat /proc/loadavg # 查看系统负载
磁盘和分区
# mount | column -t # 查看挂接的分区状态
# fdisk -l # 查看所有分区
# swapon -s # 查看所有交换分区
# hdparm -i /dev/hda # 查看磁盘参数(仅适用于IDE设备)
# dmesg | grep IDE # 查看启动时IDE设备检测状况
网络
# ifconfig # 查看所有网络接口的属性
# iptables -L # 查看防火墙设置
# route -n # 查看路由表
# netstat -lntp # 查看所有监听端口
# netstat -antp # 查看所有已经建立的连接
# netstat -s # 查看网络统计信息
进程
# ps -ef # 查看所有进程
# top # 实时显示进程状态
用户
# w # 查看活动用户
# id <用户名> # 查看指定用户信息
# last # 查看用户登录日志
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd # 查看系统所有用户
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/group # 查看系统所有组
# crontab -l # 查看当前用户的计划任务
服务
# chkconfig --list # 列出所有系统服务
# chkconfig --list | grep on # 列出所有启动的系统服务
程序
# rpm -qa # 查看所有安装的软件包
查看网卡型号
[root@www.ctohome.com]# lspci | grep Ethernet
00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82567V-2 Gigabit Network Connection
查看内存和cpu最直接最常用的命令：
[root@www.ctohome.com]# free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3069504 528876 2540628 0 76648 396152
-/+ buffers/cache: 56076 3013428
Swap: 5124692 0 5124692
[root@www.ctohome.com]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 23
model name : Pentium(R) Dual-Core CPU E6500 @ 2.93GHz
stepping : 10
cpu MHz : 1596.000
cache size : 2048 KB
查看硬盘信息（查看硬盘型号和硬盘序列号）：
[root@www.ctohome.com]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5 2.0G 272M 1.6G 15% /
/dev/sda8 199G 188M 189G 1% /home
/dev/sda3 9.7G 1.3G 7.9G 15% /usr
/dev/sda2 9.7G 198M 9.0G 3% /var
/dev/sda1 99M 17M 77M 18% /boot
方法1：
[root@www.ctohome.com]# hdparm -i /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Model=SAMSUNG HE253GJ , FwRev=1AJ30001, SerialNo= S2B5J90ZC12060
Config={ Fixed }
RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4
BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=16384kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?16?
CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=268435455
IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2
AdvancedPM=yes: disabled (255) WriteCache=enabled
Drive conforms to: unknown: ATA/ATAPI-0 ATA/ATAPI-1 ATA/ATAPI-2 ATA/ATAPI-3 ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA/ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-6 ATA/ATAPI-7
* signifies the current active mode
方法2：
[root@www.ctohome.com]# dmesg | grep ATA
ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf190 ctl 0xf180 bmdma 0xf150 irq 185
ata2: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf170 ctl 0xf160 bmdma 0xf158 irq 185
ata1: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
ata1.00: ATA-8: SAMSUNG HE253GJ, 1AJ30001, max UDMA/133
ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Vendor: ATA Model: SAMSUNG HE253GJ Rev: 1AJ3
ata3: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf130 ctl 0xf120 bmdma 0xf0f0 irq 185
ata4: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf110 ctl 0xf100 bmdma 0xf0f8 irq 185
ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
ata4: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
ata5: PATA max UDMA/100 cmd 0xe040 ctl 0xe030 bmdma 0xe000 irq 177
[root@www.ctohome.com]# dmidecode|more
# dmidecode 2.10
SMBIOS 2.4 present.
57 structures occupying 2318 bytes.
Table at 0x000E84B0.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: Intel Corp.
Version: GTG4310H.86A.0019.2009.0625.1334
Release Date: 06/25/2009
.....
System Information 服务器品牌
Manufacturer:
Product Name: （没有信息表示非品牌或未识别）
Version:
Serial Number:
UUID: 889BD67E-8D96-11DE-AC40-0013D4D9C9E8
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: Not Specified
Family: Not Specified
Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
Base Board Information 主板型号/主板信息
Manufacturer: Intel Corporation
Product Name: DG43GT
Version: AAE62768-300
Serial Number: BTGT9340022N
Processor Information CPU信息/CPU型号/CPU主频
Socket Designation: PROCESSOR
Type: Central Processor
Family: Pentium D
Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corp.
ID: 7A 06 01 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 23, Stepping 10
Version: Pentium(R) Dual-Core CPU E6500 @ 2.93GHz
Voltage: 1.2 V
External Clock: 266 MHz
Max Speed: 4000 MHz
Current Speed: 2931 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Socket LGA775
Cache Information 硬件和CPU缓存情况
Socket Designation: L1-Cache
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 1
Operational Mode: Write Back
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 32 kB
Maximum Size: 32 kB
BIOS Language Information BIOS语言
Installable Languages: 1
en|US|iso8859-1
Currently Installed Language: en|US|iso8859-1
Physical Memory Array 主板最大支持内存
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 4
Handle 0x002C, DMI type 19, 15 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address 目前的内存
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF
Range Size: 4 GB
Physical Array Handle: 0x002B
Partition Width: 0
On Board Device Information 显卡型号
Type: Video
Status: Enabled
Description: Intelr GMA X4500 Video Device
如何确定品牌服务器，不受到忽悠(某日我们买了一台dell品牌服务器，如何确定没有被忽悠呢？)：
[root@www.ctohome.com]# dmidecode|more （如果能看到dell的型号，就可以肯定没错了）
Handle 0x0100, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Product Name: PowerEdge T110
Version: Not Specified
Serial Number: J47RBP1
UUID: 4C4C4544-0034-3710-8052-CAC04F425031
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: Not Specified
Family: Not Specified
Handle 0x0200, DMI type 2, 9 bytes
Base Board Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Product Name: 0V52N7
Version: A02
Serial Number: ..CN708210CD0166.
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Handle 0x0300, DMI type 3, 21 bytes
Chassis Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Type: Main Server Chassis
Lock: Present
Version: Not Specified
Serial Number: J47RBP1
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