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c++11 多线程(1) thread 总结

c++11 多线程(1) thread 总结

作者: jorion | 来源:发表于2017-05-21 17:21 被阅读709次

    本文主要是针对C++中多线程并发操作参见(cplusplus)进行解释,文章从下面几个方面进行学习,分别介绍多线程中会使用到的几个文件学习。 文中代码 可编译运行版本已上传在本人github(地址)

    多线程

    C++ 中关于并发多线程的部分,主要包含 <thread>、<mutex>、<atomic>、<condition_varible>、<future>五个部分。

    • <atomic>:该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag,另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。
    • <thread>:该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类,另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。
    • <mutex>:该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类,包括 std::mutex 系列类,std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。
    • <condition_variable>:该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类,包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。
    • <future>:该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类,以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类,另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数,std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。

    1、 thread

    本节讲thread头文件中的内容,练习代码地址;
    <thread> 头文件中声明:thread线程和命名空间this_thread; thread包含如下:

    |(一)、Member types|
    | ------------- | --------------- |
    | id | Thread id (public member type ) |
    | native_handle_type | Native handle type (public member type ) |
    std::thread::id是线程调用get_id和this_thread::get_id的返回值;thread::id默认构造函数的结果是一个non-joinable的值;通常用来和其他线程 thread::get_id的结果做比较。
    std::thread::native_handle_type本地句柄类型,如果库实现支持它,这个成员类型只存在于类线程中。是thread类成员函数thread::native_handle的返回值。
    定义: typedef /* implementation-defined */ native_handle_type;

    | (二)、Member functions |
    | ------------- | --------------- |
    |(constructor) | Construct thread (public member function ) |
    | (destructor) | Thread destructor (public member function ) |
    | operator= | Move-assign thread (public member function ) |
    | get_id | Get thread id (public member function )|
    | joinable | Check if joinable (public member function ) |
    | join | Join thread (public member function ) |
    | detach | Detach thread (public member function ) |
    | swap | Swap threads (public member function ) |
    | native_handle | Get native handle (public member function ) |
    | hardware_concurrency [static] | Detect hardware concurrency (public static member function ) |

    示例 1:

    // thread example
    #include  <iostream>        // std::cout
    #include  <thread>        // std::thread
    void foo()  { 
        std::cout << "foo is called" << std::endl;
    }
    void bar(int x) {
         std::cout << "bar is called" << std::endl;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
         std::thread first (foo);    // spawn new thread that calls foo()
         std::thread second (bar,0);  // spawn new thread that calls bar(0)                                                 
         std::cout << "main, foo and bar now execute concurrently...\n";
         // synchronize threads:
         first.join();                // pauses until first finishes
         second.join();              // pauses until second finishes
         std::cout << "foo and bar completed.\n";
         return 0;
    }
    
    default (1)              thread() noexcept;   
    initialization (2)       template <class Fn, class... Args>  
                               explicit thread (Fn&& fn, Args&&... args);
    copy [deleted] (3)     thread (const thread&) = delete;
    move (4)                 thread (thread&& x) noexcept;
    

    (1)默认构造函数
    构造一个不表示任何执行线程的线程对象。
    (2)初始化的构造函数 模版函数
    构建一个线程对象,该对象表示一个新的可接合线程。新的执行线程调用fn传递args作为参数(使用其lvalue或rvalue引用的衰变副本)。此构建的完成开始同步调用fn副本的。
    (3) 拷贝构造 不允许拷贝构造
    (4) 移动构造 构造线程获取x线程,这个操作不会影响移动线程的执行,它只会传输它的处理程序。完成x将不再表示一个线程。
    示例2

      // constructing threads
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <atomic>         // std::atomic
      #include <thread>         // std::thread
      #include <vector>         // std::vector
    
      std::atomic<int> global_counter (0);
    
      void increase_global (int n) { for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) ++global_counter; }
    
      void increase_reference (std::atomic<int>& variable, int n) { for (int i=0;   i<n; ++i) ++variable; }
    
      struct C : std::atomic<int> {
        C() : std::atomic<int>(0) {}
        void increase_member (int n) { for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) fetch_add(1); }
      };
    
      int main ()
      {
        std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    
        std::cout << "increase global counter with 10 threads...\n";
        for (int i=1; i<=10; ++i)
          threads.push_back(std::thread(increase_global,1000));
    
        std::cout << "increase counter (foo) with 10 threads using   reference...\n";
        std::atomic<int> foo(0);
        for (int i=1; i<=10; ++i)
        {
            threads.push_back(std::thread(increase_reference,std::ref(foo),1000));
        }
    
        std::cout << "increase counter (bar) with 10 threads using member...\n";
        C bar;
        for (int i=1; i<=10; ++i)
        {
          threads.push_back(std::thread(&C::increase_member,std::ref(bar),1000))  ;
        }
    
        std::cout << "synchronizing all threads...\n";
        for (auto& th : threads) th.join();
    
        std::cout << "global_counter: " << global_counter << '\n';
        std::cout << "foo: " << foo << '\n';
        std::cout << "bar: " << bar << '\n';
    
        return 0;
      }
    
    • 析构函数(destructor)
      std::thread::~thread破坏了线程对象。如果在销毁时线程是可接合的,则调用终止()。
    • std::thread::operator=:
      move (1) thread& operator= (thread&& rhs) noexcept;
      copy [deleted] (2) thread& operator= (const thread&) = delete;
      thread不允许拷贝;如果对象当前不是joinable的,它将获得由rhs(如果有的话)表示的执行线程。如果是joinable,则调用终止()。赋值“=”运算符通过右值表达式,复制后的thread对象不再是一个线程。
      示例3
      // example for thread::operator=
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <thread>         // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for
      #include <chrono>         // std::chrono::seconds
     
      void pause_thread(int n) 
      {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::seconds(n));
        std::cout << "pause of " << n << " seconds ended\n";
      }
    
      int main() 
      {
        std::thread threads[5];                         // default-constructed threads
    
        std::cout << "Spawning 5 threads...\n";
        for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
          threads[i] = std::thread(pause_thread,i+1);   // move-assign threads
    
        std::cout << "Done spawning threads. Now waiting for them to join:\n";
        for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
          threads[i].join();
    
        std::cout << "All threads joined!\n";
    
        return 0;
      }
    
    • std::thread::get_id
      如果线程对象是joinable,函数将返回唯一标识线程的值。
      如果线程对象不可joinable,函数将返回成员类型线程的默认构造对象:id。
      示例4
      // thread::get_id / this_thread::get_id
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <thread>         // std::thread, std::thread::id,   std::this_thread::get_id
      #include <chrono>         // std::chrono::seconds
     
      std::thread::id main_thread_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
    
      void is_main_thread() {
        if ( main_thread_id == std::this_thread::get_id() )
          std::cout << "This is the main thread.\n";
        else
          std::cout << "This is not the main thread.\n";
      }
    
      int main() 
      {
        is_main_thread();
        std::thread th (is_main_thread);
        th.join();
      }
    
    • std::thread::joinable
      返回线程对象是否可joinable。
      如果线程对象表示执行的线程,则是可joinable。
      在这些情况下,一个线程对象是不可连接的:

      • 如果是默认构造。
      • 如果它已经被移动(或者构造另一个线程对象,或者分配给它)。
      • 如果它的成员加入或分离被调用。

      示例5

      // example for thread::joinable
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <thread>         // std::thread
     
      void mythread() 
      {
        // do stuff...
      }
     
      int main() 
      {
        std::thread foo;
        std::thread bar(mythread);
    
        std::cout << "Joinable after construction:\n" << std::boolalpha;
        std::cout << "foo: " << foo.joinable() << '\n';
        std::cout << "bar: " << bar.joinable() << '\n';
    
        if (foo.joinable()) foo.join();
        if (bar.joinable()) bar.join();
    
        std::cout << "Joinable after joining:\n" << std::boolalpha;
        std::cout << "foo: " << foo.joinable() << '\n';
        std::cout << "bar: " << bar.joinable() << '\n';
    
        return 0;
      }
    
    • std::thread::join
      join 函数在线程执行完成的时候返回;此函数在函数返回时与线程中所有操作的完成是同步的;调用join直到join被构造函数调用返回间,阻塞调用的线程;在调用此函数之后,线程对象变得不可连接,可以安全地销毁。
      示例6
      // example for thread::join
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <thread>         // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for
      #include <chrono>         // std::chrono::seconds
     
      void pause_thread(int n) 
      {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::seconds(n));
        std::cout << "pause of " << n << " seconds ended\n";
      }
     
      int main() 
      {
        std::cout << "Spawning 3 threads...\n";
        std::thread t1 (pause_thread,1);
        std::thread t2 (pause_thread,2);
        std::thread t3 (pause_thread,3);
        std::cout << "Done spawning threads. Now waiting for them to join:\n";
        t1.join();
        t2.join();
        t3.join();
        std::cout << "All threads joined!\n";
    
        return 0;
      }
    
    • std::thread::detach
      detach分离出调用线程对象所代表的线程,允许它们彼此独立地执行;这两个线程在任何方式上都不阻塞或同步;注意,当一个结束执行时,它的资源被释放。在调用此函数之后,线程对象变得不可连接,可以安全地销毁。
      示例7
      #include <iostream>       // std::cout
      #include <thread>         // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for
      #include <chrono>         // std::chrono::seconds
     
      void pause_thread(int n) 
      {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::seconds(n));
        std::cout << "pause of " << n << " seconds ended\n";
      }
       
      int main() 
      {
        std::cout << "Spawning and detaching 3 threads...\n";
        std::thread (pause_thread,1).detach();
        std::thread (pause_thread,2).detach();
        std::thread (pause_thread,3).detach();
        std::cout << "Done spawning threads.\n";
    
        std::cout << "(the main thread will now pause for 5 seconds)\n";
        // give the detached threads time to finish (but not guaranteed!):
        pause_thread(5);
        return 0;
      }
    
    • std::thread::swap
      void swap (thread& x) noexcept; // 与X交换对象状态。

    • std::thread::native_handle
      获取本地处理函数;如果库实现支持,这个成员函数只存在于类线程中;如果存在,它将返回用于访问与线程关联的特定于实现的信息的值。

    • std::thread::hardware_concurrency
      static unsigned hardware_concurrency() noexcept; //函数定义
      检测硬件并发,返回硬件线程上下文的数量。对这个值的解释是看具体的系统和实现,可能不是精确的,只是一个近似值。请注意,这并不需要匹配系统中可用的处理器或内核的实际数目:一个系统可以支持每个处理单元的多个线程,或者限制对程序的资源的访问。如果此值没有计算或被定义好,则函数返回0。

    • std::swap (thread)
      std::swap 跟前面提到的成员函数有所不同,他不是成员函数。函数定义:
      void swap (thread& x, thread& y) noexcept;
      交换线程对象x和y的状态;就像x.swap(y)被调用。

    本文主要讲thread,下篇c++11 多线程(2)mutex总结

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