什么是批判性思维？
When Arthur was in the first grade, the teacher directed the class to"think." "Now, class," she said, "I know this problem is a little harder than the ones we've been doing, but I'm going to give you a few extra minutes to think about it. Now start thinking."
当亚瑟一年级时，老师指导班级“思考”。 “现在，上课，”她说，“我知道这个问题比我们一直在做的事情要困难得多，但我会给你多一分钟的时间来思考它，现在开始思考。
It was not the first time Arthur had heard the word used. He'd heard it many times at home but never quite this way. The teacher seemed to be asking for some special activity,some thing he should know how to start and stop. Like his father's car."Vroom-m-m," he muttered half aloud. Because of his confusion, he was unaware he was making the noise. "Arthur, please stop making noises and start thinking."
这并不是亚瑟第一次听到这个词的使用。 他在家里很多次都听过，但从来没有这样。 老师似乎在要求一些特殊的活动，他应该知道如何开始和停止。 像他父亲的车一样。“Vroom-mm，”他大声嘟着。 由于他的困惑，他不知道自己在发出噪音。 “亚瑟，请停止发出声音，开始思考。”【貌似小时候真的没人教如何思考呢】
Embarrassed and not knowing quite what to do, he looked down at his desk. Then out of the corner of his eye he noticed that the little girl next to him was staring at the ceiling."Maybe that's the way you start thinking," he guessed. He decided the others had probably learned how to do it last year, that time he was home with the measles. So he stared at the ceiling.
不好意思，不知道该怎么做，他低头看着他的课桌。 然后在他的眼角，他注意到旁边的小女孩正盯着天花板。 “也许这就是你开始思考的方式，”他猜。 他觉得去年其他人可能已经学会了如何去思考，那时他患了麻疹呆在家里。 所以他盯着天花板。
As he progressed through grade school and high school, he heard that same direction hundreds of times. "No, that's not the answer, you're not thinking – now think!"And occasionally, form a particularly self-pitying teacher given to talking to himself aloud: "What did I do to deserve this? Don't they teach the many thing in the grades anymore? Don't you people care about ideas? Think,dammit, THINK."
当他进入小学和高中时，他听到了同样的内容数百次。 “不，这不是答案，你没有思考 - 现在想想！” 偶尔，一个特别自怜的老师，自言自语：“我做了什么值得拥有的东西？他们不再教他们什么成绩了吗？人们不关心想法吗？ ，THINK。“
So Arthur learned to feel somewhat guilty about the whole matter. Obviously this thinking was an important activity that he'd failed to learn. Maybe he lacked the brain power.But he was resourceful enough. He watched the other students and did what they did. Whenever a teacher started in about thinking, the screwed up his face,furrowed his brow, stretched his head, stroked his chin, stared off into space or up at the ceiling, and repeated silently to himself, "Let's see now,I've got to think about that, think, think (I hope he doesn't call on me),think." Though Arthur didn't know it, that's just what the other students were saying to themselves.
所以Arthur对整件事情感到有点内疚。 显然，这种思考是他未能学习到的重要内容。 也许他缺乏脑力。 但他足够足智多谋。 他看着其他学生做了他们做的事。 每当有一位老师开始让思考时，他就拧紧了脸，皱起眉头，伸了个懒腰，抚摸着下巴，盯着空间或天花板，默默地对自己说：“让我们看看吧，我已经想想，想想，想（我希望他不要叫我），想想。“ 虽然亚瑟不知道，但这也正是其他学生对自己说的。
Because Arthur's situation is not all that uncommon, your experience may have been similar. That is, probably many people have told you to think, but no one ever explained what thinking is, how many kinds of thinking there are, and what qualities a good thinker has that a poor thinker lacks.
因为亚瑟的情况并不罕见，所以你的体验可能是相似的。 也就是说，可能很多人让你去思考，但从来没有人解释过什么是思考，有多少种思维，以及一位好思想家拥有的，不善于思考的人缺乏的是什么品质。
Thinking is a general term covering numerous activities from day-dreaming to reflection and analysis.Here are just some of the verbs Roget's Thesaurus includes for the word think:
思维是一个通用术语，涵盖了从白日梦到反思和分析的众多活动。 这里只是一些动词Roget's 词库 包含 think 的单词：
appreciate believe cerebrate cogitate conceive consider consult contemplate deliberate digest discuss dream fancy imagine meditate muse ponder realize reason reflect ruminate speculate suppose weigh
However, all of those are just he names that thinking goes under. They really don't explain it. The fact is after thousands of years of humans' experiencing thought and talking and writing about it, it remains in many respects one of the great mysteries of human existence. But though much is yet to be learned, a great deal is already known.
然而，所有这些只是他给思考的名字。 他们真的不解释它。 事实是，经过数千年的人类经历思考，谈论和写作之后，它仍然是人类生存的伟大谜题之一。 但是，尽管还有很多东西需要学习，但很多已经知道。
ONE BRAIN OR TWO?
一个大脑还是两个？【已经很多地方提到两个大脑了呢】
Brain function research has revealed the importance of a small bundle of nerves found between the left and right sides of the brain. Until recently that bundle, the corpus callosum, was thought to have no significant function. Now, however, scientists know that the brain is not one center of thought and learning but two. Each side has control over certain skills. When the corpus callosum is intact, the two sides work in harmony (although one may dominate). But when the corpus is cut or damaged, the left side of the brain is no longer aware of what the right side is doing and vice versa. Experiments performed with patients in this condition reveal hand controlled by the "blind" eye cannot later identify the object by touch. It is a familiar object to one part of the brain but totally unfamiliar to the other.
大脑功能研究揭示了在大脑左右两侧发现的一小束神经的重要性。 直到最近，这个小块神经，胼胝体，被认为没有显着的功能。 然而，现在科学家们知道大脑不是思想和学习的一个中心，而是两个。 每一方都可以控制某些技能。 当胼胝体完好无损时，双方协调一致（尽管可能主宰）。 但是当胼胝体被切断或损坏时，大脑的左侧不再意识到右侧正在做什么，反之亦然。 在这种情况下对患者进行的实验显示，由“盲”眼控制的手不能稍后通过触摸来识别该物体。 对大脑的一部分来说这是一个熟悉的对象，但对另一部分却完全陌生。
We now know, too, that each half of the brain has its own memories and its own train of thought. The left half deals mainly in words and is associated with analysis and logical thinking. The right half deals mainly in sensory images and is associated within tuition and creative thinking. Despite the separateness of the hemispheres, however, the brain's functions are profoundly integrated.
我们现在也知道，每一半的大脑都有自己的记忆和自己的思路。 左半部分主要用文字处理，并与分析和逻辑思维相关。 右半部分主要处理感官形象，并与直觉和创造性思维相关。 尽管两半球的分离，然而，大脑的功能是深刻的整合。
Some researchers regard the brain as synonymous with the mind. Western philosophy, however, has traditionally held that there is an important difference. According to this view, the brain is a physical reality whereas the mind is metaphysical – that is, nonmaterial.
一些研究人员认为大脑与心神同义。 然而，西方哲学传统上认为存在重要的差异。 根据这个观点，大脑是一个物理现实，而心神是形而上学 - 也就是非物质的。
CRITICAL THINKING DEFINED
批判性思维定义
The word critical often carries negative connotation,implying excessive fault finding. That connotation does not apply to the term critical thinking, which refers to the process of evaluating ideas. When we think critically, we judge the accuracy of statements and the soundness of the reasoning that leads to conclusions. Critical thinking helps us interpret complex ideas, appraise the evidence offered in support of arguments, and distinguish between reasonableness and unreasonableness. Both problem solving and decision making depend on critical thinking, as does the meaningful discussion of controversial issues.
“ 批评” 这个词 经常带有负面含义，意味着过度的 挑剔 。 这个含义并不适用于 批判性思维 这个术语 ，它指的是评估思想的过程。 当我们批判性地思考时，我们判断陈述的准确性和导致结论的推理的合理性。 批判性思维有助于我们理解复杂的观点，评价支持论据的证据，区分合理性和不合理性。 解决问题和决策都取决于批判性思维，对有争议的问题进行有意义的讨论也是如此。
One of the keys to proficiency in critical thinking is skill in asking relevant questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and others' statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in the following manner:
熟练掌握批判性思维的关键之一就是能够提出相关问题的技巧。 如果不加批判地接受他们的第一个想法和其他人的表述，那么批判思想家就会以如下方式挑战所有想法：
Thought:
思考
Professor Vile cheated me in my composition grade. He weighted some themes more heavily than others
Vile教授在我的作文成绩中欺骗了我。他比其他人更加重视某些主题
Question: Did he grade everyone on the same standard? Were the different weightings justified?
问题： 他是否按照相同的标准对每个人进行评分？ 是否有不同的权重是合理的？
Thought:
思考
Before women entered the work force, there were fewer divorces. That show that a woman's place is in the home.
妇女进入劳动力之前，离婚人数较少。这表明女人的位置在家中。
Question: How do you know that this factor, and not some other one(s), is responsible for the increase in divorces?
问： 你怎么知道这个因素，而不是其他人对离婚率的增加负责？
Thought:
思考
A college education isn't worth what you pay for it. Some people never reach a salary level appreciably higher than the level they would have reached without the degree.
大学教育不值得你为此付出代价。有些人的薪水水平从未高于他们在没有学位的情况下达到的水平。
Question: Is money the only measure of the worth of an education? What about increased understanding of self and life and increased ability to cope with challenges?
问题： 金钱是教育价值的唯一衡量标准吗？ 怎样增加对自我和生活的理解以及提高应对挑战的能力？
Critical thinkers also use questions philosophically; in other words, to wonder about issues, probe them more deeply than is customary, and look for new insights. Consider, for example, the term values. We hear it frequently today in statements like"Our country has lost its traditional values" and "There would be less crime, especially violent crime, if parents and teachers emphasized moral values." Here are some of the questions a critical thinker would ask:
批判思想家也从哲学角度提出问题; 换句话说，想知道问题，比习惯更深入地探究它们，寻找新的见解。 例如，考虑术语值。 我们今天经常在“我们的国家失去了传统价值”和“犯罪少，尤其是暴力犯罪，如果父母和教师强调道德价值”等声明中听到这种说法。 以下是批判性思考者会问的一些问题：
What is the relationship between values and beliefs? Between values and convictions?
价值观和信仰之间的关系是什么？价值和信念之间呢？
Are all values valuable?
所有的价值都有价值吗
How aware is the average person of his or her values? Is it possible that many people deceive themselves about their real values?
他或她的价值观的普通人意识到了多少？很多人可能会欺骗自己的真实价值吗？
Where do one's values originate?Within the individual or outside? In thought or in feeling?
一个人的价值观来自哪里？在个人或外部？在思想或感觉中？
Does education change a person's values? If so, is this change always for the better?
教育是否会改变一个人的价值观？如果是这样，这种变化总是会更好吗？
Should parents and teachers attempt to shape children's values?
家长和老师是否应该试图塑造孩子的价值观？【一直都在被洗脑啊】
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKERS
批判性思想家的特征
There are a number of misconceptions about critical thinking. One is that being able to support beliefs with reasons makes one a critical thinker. Virtually everyone has reasons, however pathetic they may be. The test of critical thinking is whether the reasons are good and sufficient.
关于批判性思维存在一些误解。 一个是，能够凭借理由支持信念使得人们成为批判性的思想家。 几乎每个人都有理由，不管他们可能是可悲的。 批判性思维的考验是原因是否充足。
Another misconception is that critical thinkers never imitate others in thought or action. If that were the case, then every pigheaded person would be a critical thinker.Critical thinking means making wise decisions, regardless of how common those decisions are.
另一个误解是，批判思想家从不模仿其他人的思想或行动。 如果是这样的话，那么每个执拗的人都会成为一个批判性的思想家。 批判性思维意味着做出明智的决定，而不管这些决定有多普遍。
A third misconception is that critical thinking is synonymous with having a lot of right answers in one's head. There's nothing wrong with having right answers, of course. But critical thinking is the process of finding answers when they are not so readily available.
第三个误解是，批判性思维是人们脑海中有很多正确答案的同义词。 当然，正确的答案没有错。 但批判性思维是在他们不容易获得的时候找到答案的过程。
Yet another misconception is that critical thinking cannot be learned, that one either"has it" or does not. One the contrary, critical thinking is a matter of habit. The most careless, sloppy thinker can become a critical thinker by developing the characteristics of a critical thinker.
另一个误解是批判性思维无法学习，无论是“拥有”还是没有。 相反，批判性思维是一个习惯问题。 最粗心的，草率的思考者可以通过发展批判性思维者的特征而成为批判性的思想家。
We have already noted one characteristic of critical thinkers – skill in asking appropriate questions. Another is control of their mental activities. American philosopher John Dewey once observed that more of our time than most of us care to admit is spent "trifling with mental pictures, random recollections, pleasant but unfounded hopes, flitting, half-developed impressions." Good thinkers are no exception. However, they have learned better than poor thinkers how to stop that casual, semiconscious drift of images when they wish and how to fix their minds on one specific matter, examine it carefully, and form a judgment about it. They have learned, in other words, how to take charge of their thoughts, to use their minds actively as well as passively.
我们已经注意到了批判思想家的一个特点 - 就是询问适当的问题。 另一个是控制他们的心理活动。 美国哲学家约翰杜威曾经说过，我们的时间比我们大多数人不愿意承认的要多得多，“花费在精神图片，随机回忆，愉快但毫无根据的希望，飞来飞去，半开发的印象上”。 好的思想家也不例外。 然而，他们比贫穷思想家更善于学习如何在他们希望的时候停止偶然的，半漫长的图像漂移，以及如何在特定的问题上解决他们的想法，仔细检查并形成对此的判断。 换句话说，他们已经学会了如何掌握自己的想法，主动和被动地使用自己的思想。
Here are some additional characteristics of critical thinkers, as contrasted with those of uncritical thinkers:
以下是批判思想家的一些其他特征，与那些不加批判的思想家相比：
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Are honest with themselves, acknowledging what they don't know, recognizing their limitations, and being watchful of their own errors.
对自己诚实，承认自己不知道的事情，认识到自己的局限性，并注意自己的错误。【这点对得上】
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Pretend they know more than they do, ignore their limitations, and assume their views are error-free.
假装他们比他们知道的更多，忽略他们的局限性，并假定他们的观点没有错误。
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Regard problems and controversial issues as exciting challenges.
将问题和有争议的问题视为令人兴奋的挑战。
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Regard problems and controversial issues as nuisances or threats to their ego.
把问题和有争议的问题视为对自我的滋扰或威胁。
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive, remain patient with complexity and ready to invest time to overcome confusion.
努力寻求理解，保持好奇心，保持耐心的复杂性，并准备投入时间克服困惑。【对的】
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Are impatient with complexity and thus would rather remain confused than make the effort to understand.
对复杂性感到不耐烦，因此宁愿困惑也不去为理解而努力。
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Set aside personal preferences and base judgments on evidence, deferring judgment whenever evidence is insufficient. They revise judgments when new evidence reveal error.
撇开个人喜好和依据证据作出判断，当证据不足时推迟判断。他们在新证据显示错误时修改判断。【yes】
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Base judgments on first impressions and gut reactions. They are unconcerned about the amount or quality of evidence and cling to earlier views steadfastly.
基于第一印象和盲目反应进行判断。 他们对证据的数量或质量漠不关心，坚定不移地坚持早先的观点。
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Are interested in other people's ideas, so are willing to read and listen attentively, even when they tend to disagree with the other person.
对其他人的想法感兴趣，所以即使他们倾向于不同意他人，也愿意读和倾听。
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Are preoccupied with self and their own opinions, and so are unwilling to pay attention to other's views. At the first sign of disagreement they tend to think, "How can I refute this?"
专注于自我和自己的观点，所以不愿意关注他人的观点。 在意见分歧的第一个迹象中，他们倾向于想：“我怎么能反驳这个？”
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Recognize that extreme views (whether conservative or liberal) are seldom correct, so they avoid them, practice fair-mindedness, and seek a balanced view.
认识到极端的观点（无论是保守还是自由）很少是正确的，所以他们避免这些观点，实践公正的观点，寻求一种平衡的观点。
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Ignore the need for balance and give preference to views that support their established views.
忽略平衡的需要，并优先考虑支持他们既定观点的观点。
Critical Thinkers:
批判思想家：
Practice restraint, controlling their feelings rather than being controlled by them, and thinking before acting.
实践克制，控制自己的感受而不是被他们所控制，并在行动之前思考。
Uncritical Thinkers:
不加批判的思想家
Tend to follow their feelings and act impulsively.
倾向于追随他们的感情并采取冲动行事。
As the desirable qualities suggested, critical thinking depends on mental discipline. Effective thinkers exert control over their mental life, direct their thoughts rather than being directed by them, and withhold their endorsement of any idea – even their own – until they have tested and proved it. John Dewey considered this mental discipline to be identical with freedom. That is, he argued that people who do not have it are not free persons but slaves. Here his words:
正如所期望的品质所暗示的那样，批判性思维取决于精神纪律。 有效的思想家控制他们的精神生活，指导他们的思想而不是被他们指导，并且在他们已经背书和证明它们之前，拒绝他们对任何想法 - 甚至他们自己 - 的认可。 约翰杜威认为这种心理学习与自由是一致的。 也就是说，他争辩说，没有它的人不是自由人，而是奴隶。 他的话在这里：
If a man's actions are not guided by thoughtful conclusions, then they are guided by inconsiderate impulse, unbalanced appetite, caprice, or the circumstances of the moment. To cultivate unhindered, unreflective external activity is to foster enslavement, for it leaves the person at the mercy of appetite, sense,and circumstance.
如果一个人的行为不是以深思熟虑的结论为指导的话，那么他们就会被无视的冲动，不平衡的食欲，随心所欲或当下的情况所引导。 培养不受阻碍的，没有任何反思的外部活动就是加强奴役，因为它使人处于食欲，感觉和情况的摆布之中。
THE ROLE OF INTUITION
直觉的作用
Intuitionis instinctive knowing or perception without reference to the rational process.Of all aspects of thinking, it is perhaps the most dramatic and therefore the most fascinating. History records many cases of important discoveries just"occurring" to people. They may not even be consciously considering the matter. Then all of a sudden the answer comes to them, seemingly out of nowhere.
直觉是本能的认识或感知而不涉及理性的过程。 在思维的各个方面，它可能是最戏剧化的，因此也是最迷人的。 历史记录了很多重要发现只是“发生”给人的案例。 他们甚至可能没有有意识地考虑这个问题。 然后突然间结果出现在他们面前，他们似乎无处可寻。
The German chemist Kekule found the solution to a difficult chemical problem that way. He was very tired when he slipped into a daydream. The image of a snake swallowing his tail came to him – and that provided the clue to the structure of the benzene molecule, which is a ring, rather than a chain, of atoms.
德国化学家凯库勒通过这种方式发现了一种难以解决的化学问题。 当他陷入白日梦时，他非常疲倦。 吞下他尾巴的蛇的形象传到了他的身上 - 并且提供了苯分子结构的线索，苯分子是一个环，而不是一个原子链。
The German writer Goethe had experienced great difficulty organizing a large mass of material for one of his works. Then he learned of the tragic suicide of a close friend. At that very instant the plan for organizing his material occurred to him in detail.
德国作家歌德在为他的一部作品组织大量素材方面经历了很大的困难。 然后他得知一位密友的悲惨自杀。 在那个瞬间，他获得了详细地组织他的材料的计划。
The English writer Coleridge (you may have read his "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" in high school) awoke from a dream with between two and three hundred lines of a new and complex poem clearly in mind.
英国作家科尔里奇（你可能已经在高中时代读过他的“古代水手风云”）清醒地从梦中醒来，明确地记住了两三百行新诗和复杂的诗。
Intuition is not restricted to famous men and women. Most of us have had similar though less momentous experiences with it. And two facts are common to all these experiences, great and small alike. The first is that intuition cannot be controlled; the second is that intuition is not completely trust worthy. Even the strongest intuition can prove wrong. For both reasons, though intuition is always a welcome companion to critical thinking, it is never a substitute for it. This, of course, is no cause for concern because many other skills of thinking can be controlled and developed.
直觉不仅限于着名的男人和女人。 我们中的大多数人都有类似的经历，虽然不那么重要。 所有这些经历都有两个事实是共同的，无论大小都一样。 首先是直觉不能被控制;第二个是直觉不完全可信。 即使最强大的直觉也可能是错误的。 出于这两个原因，虽然直觉总是对批判性思维的一个可喜的伴侣，但它永远不能替代它。 这当然不值得关注，因为许多其他的思维技巧都可以被控制和发展。
CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING
批判性思维和写作
Writing may be used for either of two broad purposes – to discover ideas or to communicate ideas. Most of the writing you have done in school is undoubtedly the latter kind. But the former can be very helpful, not only in sorting out ideas you've already produced, but in stimulating the flow of ideas. For some reason, the very act of writing down one idea has a way of producing additional ideas.
写作可以用于两大目的之一 - 发现想法或交流想法。你在学校所做的大部分写作无疑是后一种。但前者可以非常有帮助，不仅可以整理已经制作出来的想法，还可以刺激思想的流动。出于某种原因，写下一个想法的行为有一种产生额外想法的方式。【有一种写作方式就是把瞬间的想法记录下来】
Whenever you write to discover ideas, focus on the issue you are examining and record all your thoughts, questions as well as assertions. Don't worry about organization or correctness. If ideas come slowly, be patient. If they suddenly come in a rush,don't try to slow the process down and develop any one of them, but jot the mall down. (There will be time for elaboration, and for correction, later.)Direct your mind's effort, but be sensitive to ideas on the fringes of consciousness. Often they, too, will prove valuable.
每当你写作发现想法，关注你正在检查的问题并记录你的想法，问题和断言。不要担心语言组织或正确性。如果想法慢慢来，请耐心等待。如果他们突然急躁起来，不要试图减慢这个过程并发展其中的任何一个，但记下它们。（稍后会有时间进行阐述和纠正。）指引你的思想努力，但要敏锐地意识到边缘意识。通常他们也会证明是有价值的。
If you have done your discovery writing well and have thought critically about the ideas you have produced, the task of writing to communicate will be easier and more enjoyable.You will have many more ideas – tested and proven ideas – to develop and organize.
如果你的发现写得很好，并批判性地思考过你的想法，那么写作交流的任务就会更容易，更愉快。你将有更多的想法 - 经过测试和证明的想法 - 开发和组织。
APPLICATIONS
应用
1 How closely has your experience with thinking in school matched Arthur's?
你在学校的有关思考的经验与亚瑟的经验有多相似？【一样的不会思考】
2 Do you find it difficult to ponder important matters? Are you able to prevent the casual, semiconscious drift of images form interrupting your thoughts? Do you have less control in some situations than in others? Explain.
你觉得很难去思考重要的事情吗？你是否能够防止偶然的，半漫长的图像漂移打断你的想法？在某些情况下，你的控制力比其他控制力少吗？说明。
3 Rate yourself on each of the seven characteristics of good thinkers that are listed above. Which are you strongest in? Which weakest? If you behavior varies form situation to situation, try to determine what kinds of issues or circumstances bring out your best and worst mental qualities.
评估上面列出的优秀思想家的七个特征。你最强的是哪一个？哪个最弱？如果您的行为因情况而异，请尝试确定哪些问题或情况会带来最佳和最差的心理素质。
4 Is there any pattern to the way you think about a problem or issue?Does an image come to mind first? Or perhaps a word? What comes next? And what after that? If you can't answer these questions completely, do this exercise:Flip half a dozen pages ahead in this book, pick a sentence at random, read it,and note how your mind deals with it. (Such thinking about your thinking may be a little awkward at first. If it is, try the exercise two or three times.)
你认为思考问题或思考问题的方式是否有任何模式？首先想象一下先从脑海中有个图像吗？或者也许是一个字？接下来是什么？那之后呢？如果你不能完全回答这些问题，那么做这个练习：在本书的前面翻翻六页，随机挑选一个句子，阅读它，并注意你的思维如何处理它。（这样思考你的想法起初可能有些尴尬，如果是这样，试着练习两三次。）
5 Read each of the following statements carefully. Then decide what question(s), if any, a good critical thinker would find it appropriate to ask.
仔细阅读以下每个声明。然后决定什么样的问题，如果有的话，一个好的批判思考者会觉得适合问。
Television news is sensational in its treatment of war because it gives us pictures only of injury, death, and destruction.
电视新闻在对待战争方面很轰动，因为它只给我们带来伤害，死亡和破坏的照片。
My parents were too strict – they wouldn't let me date until I was sixteen.
我的父母太严格了 - 他们不让我约会，直到我十六岁。
It's clear to me that Ralph doesn't care for me – he never spoke when we passed in the ball.
我很清楚拉尔夫并不在乎我 - 当我们传球时他从未说过话。
From a commercial for a new network: The news is changing every minute of the day, so you constantly need updating to keep you informed.
从一个新网络的商业广告：这个消息每天都在变化，所以你不断需要更新，以便让你了解情况。
The statement of an Alabama public elementary school teacher who had students recite the Lord's Prayer and say grace before meals: I feel part of my job as a teacher is to instill values children need to have a good life.
阿拉巴马州一所公立小学让学生背诵主祷文，并在饭前说恩典的老师的声明：我觉得我的工作的一部分作为老师要灌输孩子需要有一个美好的生活的价值观。
State and explain your position on each of the following controversial issues, applying what you leaned in this chapter.
陈述并解释你在以下每一个有争议的问题上的立场，应用你在本章中所学的内容。
The rape laws in some states require that the force used in the act be sufficient to produce a fear in the victim of serious physical injury or death. Some laws also require that the victim earnestly resist the assault. Where those conditions are not present, a rapist will not be prosecuted.
有些州的强奸法规定，该行为中使用的武力足以对受到严重身体伤害或死亡的人造成恐惧。有些法律还要求受害人认真抵制袭击。如果这些条件不存在，强奸犯就不会受到起诉
In what was believed to be the first national attempt to bring economic pressure to make a television network tone down the sex and violence in its programming, the Coalition for BetterTelevision urged the public to boycott products made by RCA because the network owned by that company, NBC, had excluded Christian characters, Christian values, and Christian culture from their programming. NBC denounced the move as an obvious attempt at intimidation.
据认为，这是第一次在电视网络上制造电视网络以降低电视节目中的性和暴力的国家企图，电视联盟促使公众抵制RCA制作的产品，因为该公司拥有的网络NBC从他们的节目中排除了基督教人物，基督教的价值观和基督教文化。NBC谴责这一举动显然是企图威胁。
The increase in violent crimes by teenagers and even young children in recent years has prompted many people to urge that the criminal justice system treat juvenile offenders as adults. Some even argue that the most serious offenders should receive the death penalty.
近年来，青少年甚至幼儿暴力犯罪的增加促使许多人敦促刑事司法系统将少年犯视为成年人。有人甚至认为，最严重的罪犯应该接受死刑。
In 1989 President George Bush publicly rejected a proposal to ban assault rifles. His view supported the National Rifle Association's position that the right to bear arms should not be abridged. Many police organizations strongly disagree with this position.
1989年乔治布什总统公开拒绝了禁止突击步枪的提议。他的观点支持全国步枪协会的立场：不应该放弃携带武器的权利。许多警察组织强烈反对这一立场。
The U.S. Supreme Court has considered the cases of two teenagers who committed heinous crimes. In one seventeen-year-old raped and then murdered a gas station attendant. In the other a sixteen-year-old stabbed a liquor store owner eight times, killing her.Many believe the death penalty is appropriate in such cases. Others believe that the death penalty is always inappropriate for minors regardless of the crime.
美国最高法院考虑了两名犯下滔天罪行的青少年案件。在一个十七岁的案例中，强奸然后谋杀了一名加油站服务员。另一个十六岁的孩子八次刺伤酒店老板并杀死她。许多人认为在这种情况下死刑是适当的。其他人则认为，无论犯罪如何，死刑对于未成年人都是不合适的。
An unstable man called an Alabama television news room and threatened to kill himself. The station notified the police and then dispatched a camera crew to the scene. The crew reportedly stood by, filming, while the man do used himself with lighter fluid and lit two matches in an unsuccessful attempt to ignite himself. They moved in to stop him only after his third, successful attempt. The television station subsequently ran the film foot age on the air. One member of the crew explained later, My job is to record events as they happen. Many people find fault with the television crew's response to the situation.
一个不稳定的男人给阿拉巴马州的电视新闻室打电话，并威胁要自杀。该台通知警方，然后派出一名摄像组到场。据报道，工作人员站在旁边拍摄，而这名男子用打火机液体冲洗自己，并点燃两场火柴，试图点燃自己。只有在他第三次成功的尝试后，他们才进站阻止他。电视台随后在空中播放电影片段。一位机组人员后来解释说，我的工作是记录事件的发生。许多人认为电视摄制组对这种情况的反应是错误的。
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）
从前面的测试发现自己还是很符合批判性思维者的特征的，后面的应用更加确认了我的法律学习经历是塑造我批判性思维的主要因素之一。
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