整体结构

The Jetty Server is the plumbing between a collection of Connectors that accept connections and a collection of Handlers that service requests from the connections and produce responses, with threads from a thread pool doing the work.

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While the Jetty request/responses are derived from the Servlet API, the full features of the Servlet API are only available if you configure the appropriate handlers. For example, the session API on the request is inactive unless the request has been passed to a SessionHandler. The concept of a Servlet itself is implemented by a ServletHandler. If Servlets are not required, there is very little overhead in the use of the servlet request/response APIs. Thus you can build a Jetty server using only connectors and handlers, without using Servlets.

The job of configuring Jetty is building a tree of connectors and handlers and providing their individual configurations. As Jetty components are simply Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs), you can accomplish this assembly and configuration of components by a variety of techniques:

In code, see the examples in the Jetty Source XRef.
Using Jetty XML, a dependency injection style in XML format.
With your dependency injection framework of choice, Spring or XBean.
Using Jetty WebApp and Context Deployers.

Patterns

The implementation of Jetty follows some fairly standard patterns. Most abstract concepts such as Connectors andHandlers are captured by interfaces. Generic handling for those interfaces is then provided in an abstract implementation such asAbstractConnector and AbstractHandler.

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The JSR77 inspired life cycle of most Jetty components is represented by the LifeCycle interface and the AbstractLifeCycle implementation used as the base of many Jetty components.

Connectors

A Connector is the component that accepts TCP connections. For each accepted TCP connection, the Connector asks a ConnectionFactory to create a Connection object that handles the network traffic on that TCP connection, parsing and generating bytes for a specific protocol.

A ServerConnector can therefore be configured with one or more ConnectionFactory.

The simplest case is a single ConnectionFactory such as HttpConnectionFactory, that creates HttpConnection objects that parse and generate bytes for the HTTP/1.1 protocol.

A more complex case can be a ServerConnector configured with three factories: ProxyConnectionFactory, SslConnectionFactory and HttpConnectionFactory. Such connector will be able to handle PROXY protocol bytes coming from a load balancer such as HAProxy (with the ProxyConnectionFactory), then handle TLS bytes (with SslConnectionFactory) and therefore decrypting/encrypting the bytes from/to a remote client, and finally handling HTTP/1.1 bytes (with HttpConnectionFactory). Each ConnectionFactory is asked to create a Connection object for each TCP connection; the Connection objects will be chained together to handle the bytes, each for its own protocol. Therefore the ProxyConnection will handle the PROXY protocol bytes, SslConnection will handle the encryption/decryption of the bytes, and HttpConnection will handle the HTTP/1.1 bytes producing a request and response object that will be processed by applications.

Advanced usages of Jetty will allow users to write their own ConnectionFactory to handle custom protocols that are not implemented directly by the Jetty project, therefore using Jetty as a generic network server.

Handlers

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public void handle(String target, Request baseRequest, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException;

Parameters:

target – the target of the request, either a URI or a name.
baseRequest – the original unwrapped request object.
request – the request object, either as the baseRequest object or a wrapper of baseRequest. You can use the HttpConnection.getCurrentConnection() method to access the Request object if required.
response – the response object, either unwrapped as Response or a wrapper of that response. You can use the HttpConnection.getCurrentConnection() method to access the Response object if required.

An implementation of this method can handle the request, pass the request onto another handler (or servlet) or it might modify and/or wrap the request and then pass it on. This gives three styles of Handler:

Coordinating handlers – handlers that route requests to other handlers (HandlerCollection, ContextHandlerCollection)
Filtering handlers – handlers that augment a request and pass it on to other handlers (HandlerWrapper, ContextHandler, SessionHandler)
Generating handlers – handlers that produce content (ResourceHandler and ServletHandler)

Nested Handlers and Handlers Called Sequentially

You can combine handlers to handle different aspects of a request by nesting them, calling them in sequence, or by combining the two models.

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Handlers called in sequence perform actions that do not depend on the next invocation, nor on the handler order. They handle a request and generate the response without interacting with other handlers. The main class for this model is HandlerCollection.

Nested handlers are called according to a before/invokeNext/after pattern. The main class for nested handlers is HandlerWrapper. Nested handlers are much more common than those called in sequence.

Servlet Handler

The ServletHandler is a Handler that generates content by passing the request to any configured Servlet Filters and then to a Servlet mapped by a URI pattern.

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A ServletHandler is normally deployed within the scope of a ServletContext, which is a ContextHandler that provides convenience methods for mapping URIs to servlets.

Filters and Servlets can also use a RequestDispatcher to reroute a request to another context or another Servlet in the current context.

Contexts

Contexts are handlers that group other handlers below a particular URI context path or a virtual host. Typically a context can have:

A context path that defines which requests are handled by the context (e.g. /myapp)
A resource base for static content (a document root)
A class loader to obtain classes specific to the context (typically from /WEB-INF/classes and /WEB-INF/lib)
Virtual host names

Contexts implementations include:

ContextHandler
ServletContextHandler
WebAppContext

A web application context combines handlers for security, session and servlets in a single unit that you can configure with a web.xml descriptor.

Web Application

A WebAppContext is a derivation of ServletContextHandler that supports the standardized layout of a web application and configuration of session, security, listeners, filter, servlets, and JSP via a web.xml descriptor normally found in the /WEB-INF directory of a web application.

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Essentially WebAppContext is a convenience class that assists the construction and configuration of other handlers to achieve a standard web application configuration. Configuration is actually done by pluggable implementations of the Configuration class and the prime among these is WebXmlConfiguration.