volume
1. countable noun [usually singular]
The volume of something is the amount of it that there is.
Senior officials will be discussing how the volume of sales might be reduced. [+ of]
...the sheer volume of traffic and accidents. [+ of]
2. countable noun [usually singular]
The volume of an object is the amount of space that it contains or occupies.
It is 2,300 metres above sea level, so a given volume of air contains only about one-third as much oxygen as it would at sea level.
When egg whites are beaten they can rise to seven or eight times their original volume.
3. countable noun
A volume is a book.
[formal]
...a 125-page volume.
4. countable noun
A volume is one book in a series of books.
...the first volume of his autobiography. [+ of]
5. countable noun
A volume is a collection of several issues of a magazine, for example all the issues for one year.
...bound volumes of the magazine. [+ of]
6. uncountable noun
The volume of a radio, television, or sound system is the loudness of the sound it produces.
He turned down the volume.
He came to complain about the volume of the music. [+ of]
Synonyms: loudness, sound, amplification
回稳向好
a steady rise
basically
You use basically to show that you are describing a situation in a simple, general way, and that you are not concerned with less important details.
Basically you've got two choices.
It's basically a vegan diet.
Battery charging systems remain basically the same as those in use half a century ago.
Synonyms: essentially, firstly, mainly, mostly
reduction
1. countable noun
When there is a reduction in something, it is made smaller.
...a future reduction in U.K. interest rates. [+ in]
Many companies have announced dramatic reductions in staff.
Synonyms: decrease, lowering, lessening, minimizing
2. uncountable noun
Reduction is the act of making something smaller in size or amount, or less in degree.
...a new strategic arms reduction agreement.
Synonyms: cut, cutting, trimming, pruning
单位国内生产总值能耗
单位GDP能耗
单位GDP能耗是反映能源消费水平和节能降耗状况的主要指标，一次能源供应总量与国内生产总值(GDP)的比率，是一个能源利用效率指标。该指标说明一个国家经济活动中对能源的利用程度，反映经济结构和能源利用效率的变化。
steer
1.verb
When you steer a car, boat, or plane, you control it so that it goes in the direction that you want.
What is it like to steer a ship this size? [VERB noun]
When I was a kid, about six or seven, she would often let me steer the car along our driveway. [VERB noun preposition]
[Also VERB]
Synonyms: drive, control, direct, handle
2. verb
If you steer people towards a particular course of action or attitude, you try to lead them gently in that direction.
The new government is seen as one that will steer the country in the right direction. [VERB noun preposition]
I think you are perfectly correct in trying to steer your mother towards increased independence. [VERB noun preposition]
3. verb
If you steer someone in a particular direction, you guide them there.
Nick steered them into the nearest seats. [VERB noun preposition]
Synonyms: direct, lead, guide, conduct
4. verb
If you steer a particular course, you take a particular line of action.
Prime Minister Hun Sen has sought to steer a course between the two groups. [VERB noun preposition]
In nearly all these issues the British steered a middle course. [VERB noun]
5. countable noun
A steer is a bull that has been castrated.
steady
5. verb
If you steady something or if it steadies, it stops shaking or moving about.
Two men were on the bridge-deck, steadying a ladder. [VERB noun]
Lovelock eased back the throttles and the ship steadied. [VERB]
Synonyms: make steady, stabilize, hold steady, make fast
6. verb
If you steady yourself, you control your voice or expression, so that people will think that you are calm and not nervous.
Somehow she steadied herself and murmured, 'Have you got a cigarette?' [VERB pronoun-reflexive]
She breathed in to steady her voice. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: settle, get control of, compose, calm down
stress
1. verb
If you stress a point in a discussion, you put extra emphasis on it because you think it is important.
The spokesman stressed that the measures did not amount to an overall ban. [VERB that]
They also stress the need for improved employment opportunities, better transport and health care. [VERB noun]
'We're not saying we're outside and above all this,' he stresses. [VERB with quote]
Stress is also a noun.
Japanese car makers are laying ever more stress on European sales. [+ on]
2. variable noun [oft under N]
If you feel under stress, you feel worried and tense because of difficulties in your life.
Katy could think clearly when not under stress.
Of course, the British will suffer such daily stresses patiently.
...a wide range of stress-related problems.
Synonyms: strain, pressure, worry, tension More Synonyms of stress
3. variable noun
Stresses are strong physical pressures applied to an object.
Earthquakes happen when stresses in rock are suddenly released as the rocks fracture.
4. verb
If you stress a word or part of a word when you say it, you put emphasis on it so that it sounds slightly louder.
'Sit down,' she replied, stressing each word. [VERB noun]
Stress is also a noun.
implement
1. verb
If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what has been planned is done.
The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loan institutions. [VERB noun]
The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that the recommendations are properly implemented. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: carry out, effect, carry through, complete
implementation (ɪmplɪmənteɪʃən ) uncountable noun
Very little has been achieved in the implementation of the peace agreement signed last January. [+ of]
Synonyms: carrying out, effecting, execution, performance M
2. countable noun
An implement is a tool or other piece of equipment.
[formal]
...knives and other useful implements.
...writing implements.
Synonyms: tool, machine, device, instrument
proactive
Proactive actions are intended to cause changes, rather than just reacting to change.
In order to survive the competition a company should be proactive not reactive.
Industry must adopt a much more proactive approach to formulating environmental policy.
reactive
(riæktɪv )
1. adjective
Something that is reactive is able to react chemically with a lot of different substances.
Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen gas.
Synonyms: unstable More Synonyms of reactive
2. adjective [usually verb-link ADJECTIVE]
If someone is reactive, they behave in response to what happens to them, rather than deciding in advance how they want to behave.
I want our organization to be less reactive and more pro-active.
Synonyms: apathetic, passive, laissez-faire, inactive
inactive
Someone or something that is inactive is not doing anything or is not working.
He certainly was not politically inactive.
The satellite had been inactive since its launch two years ago.
Synonyms: lazy, passive, slow, quiet
inactivity (ɪnæktɪvɪti ) uncountable noun
The players have comparatively long periods of inactivity.
Synonyms: sloth, vegetation, inertia, stagnation
Synonyms: immobility, unemployment, inaction, passivity
prudent
adjective
Someone who is prudent is sensible and careful.
It is always prudent to start any exercise programme gradually at first.
Being a prudent and cautious person, you realise that the problem must be resolved.
prudently adverb [usually ADVERB with verb]
I believe it is essential that we act prudently.
Prudently, Joanna spoke none of this aloud.
财政赤字
赤字 （赤字：经济用语）
多用于财政，意为亏本。财政年度内财政支出大于收入的差额。因会计上习惯用红字表示而故名。在我国，财政收支是通过国家预算平衡的，财政赤字通常表现为预算执行结果支出大于收入的差额，故亦称预算赤字。一年的财政收入代表可供国家当年集中掌握支配的一部分社会产品，财政支出大于收入，发生赤字，意味着由这部分支出所形成的社会购买力没有相应的社会产品作为物资保证。
赤字率
赤字比率(Deficit Ratio)赤字是财政上的一个专业术语，是衡量财政风险的一个重要指标。财政赤字是指财政支出超过财政收入的部分，意味着“花”的钱超过了“挣”到的钱。根据我国《预算法》明确规定，地方财政上不设立赤字，故此通常所称的财政赤字，即是中央财政赤字。
计算公式
(政府开支-政府收入)/GDP×100%
fiscal
adjective [ADJECTIVE noun]
Fiscal is used to describe something that relates to government money or public money, especially taxes.
...in 1987, when the government tightened fiscal policy.
Synonyms: financial, money, economic, monetary
fiscally adverb [usually ADVERB adjective , oft ADVERB after verb]
The scheme would be fiscally dangerous.
Many members are determined to prove that they are fiscally responsible.
财政政策
fiscal policy
monetary
Monetary means relating to money, especially the total amount of money in a country.
[business]
Some countries tighten monetary policy to avoid inflation.
The courts will be asked to place a monetary value on his unfinished career.
Synonyms: financial, money, economic, capital
货币政策
monetary
total
verb
If several numbers or things total a certain figure, that figure is the total of all the numbers or all the things.
The unit's exports will total $85 million this year. [VERB amount]
They will compete for prizes totalling nearly £3000. [VERB amount]
Synonyms: amount to, make, come to, reach More Synonyms of total
verb
When you total a set of numbers or objects, you add them all together.
They haven't totalled the exact figures. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: add up, work out, sum up, compute
break down
phrasal verb
To break down something such as an idea or statement means to separate it into smaller parts in order to make it easier to understand or deal with.
The report breaks down the results region by region. [VERB PREPOSITION noun]
These rules tell us how a sentence is broken down into phrases. [be V-ed P + into]
[Also V n P + into]
Synonyms: divide up, split, cut up, subdivide
to break it down
ease
1.with ease
2. uncountable noun
If you talk about the ease of a particular activity, you are referring to the way that it has been made easier to do, or to the fact that it is already easy to do.
For ease of reference, only the relevant extracts of the regulations are included. [+ of]
...the camera's ease of use in manual mode.
Synonyms: straightforwardness, simplicity, readiness
3. uncountable noun
Ease is the state of being very comfortable and able to live as you want, without any worries or problems.
She lived a life of ease.
Synonyms: comfort, luxury, leisure, relaxation
4. verb
If something unpleasant eases or if you ease it, it is reduced in degree, speed, or intensity.
Tensions had eased. [VERB]
The heavily falling snow had eased. [VERB]
I gave him some brandy to ease the pain. [VERB noun]
...editorials calling for the easing of sanctions. [VERB-ing]
Synonyms: relieve, calm, moderate, soothe
5. verb
If you ease your way somewhere or ease somewhere, you move there slowly, carefully, and gently. If you ease something somewhere, you move it there slowly, carefully, and gently.
I eased my way towards the door. [VERB noun preposition/adverb]
She eased back into the chair and nodded. [VERB preposition/adverb]
He eased his foot off the accelerator. [VERB noun preposition/adverb]
Leaphorn eased himself silently upward. [V pron-refl adv/prep]
I eased open the door. [VERB noun with adjective]
Synonyms: move carefully, edge, guide, slip
cut
n.
a decrease in government finance in a particular department or area, usually leading to a reduction of services, staff numbers, etc
均衡性转移支付
均衡性转移支付是当同一级政府存在少量或没有财政赤字的情况下，上级政府把从富裕地区集中的一部分收入转移到贫困地区的补助。
其要主目的是消除各地方政府间存在的税收能力与其基本需求开支的横向不均衡，力求保证各地区间社会公共服务水平的基本一致性。
equalize
1. verb
To equalize a situation means to give everyone the same rights or opportunities, for example in education, wealth, or social status.
Women in Indonesia have secured modern divorce laws that equalize the rights of husbands and wives. [VERB noun]
Such measures are needed to equalize wage rates between countries. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: make equal, match, level, balance More Synonyms of equalize
equalization (iːkwəlaɪzeɪʃən ) uncountable noun
...the equalization of parenting responsibilities between men and women. [+ of]
2. verb
In sports such as football, if a player equalizes, he or she scores a goal that makes the scores of the two teams equal.
[British]
Keegan equalized with only 16 minutes remaining. [VERB]
They showed little sign of equalising the Portsmouth striker's glorious 55th-minute shot. [VERB noun]
Synonyms: draw level, level the score, square the score, make the score level
step up
If you step up something, you increase it or increase its intensity.
He urged donors to step up their efforts to send aid to Somalia. [VERB PREPOSITION noun]
Security is being stepped up to deal with the increase in violence. [VERB PREPOSITION noun (not pronoun)]
There are reports of stepped-up fighting in El Salvador. [VERB-ed PREPOSITION]
[Also VERB noun PREPOSITION]
Synonyms: increase, boost, intensify, up
scale down
If you scale down something, you make it smaller in size, amount, or extent than it used to be.
One Beijing factory has had to scale down its workforce from six hundred to only six. [VERB PREPOSITION noun]
The air rescue operation has now been scaled down. [VERB PREPOSITION noun (not pronoun)]
The Romanian government yesterday unveiled a new, scaled-down security force. [VERB-ed PREPOSITION]
[Also VERB noun PREPOSITION]
Synonyms: reduce, cut, moderate, slow down
三公消费（三公经费）
三公消费，指政府部门人员因公出国（境）经费、公务车购置及运行费、公务招待费产生的消费，是当前公共行政领域亟待解决的问题之一。全国人大常委会2011年6月30日表决通过关于批准2010年中央决算的决议，经财政部汇总，2010年中央行政单位、事业单位和其他单位“三公“支出合计94.7亿元。决算报告还公布了汇总2010年中央行政单位（含参照公务员法管理的事业单位）履行行政管理职责、维持机关运行开支的行政经费，合计887.1亿元。2012年6月财政部公布，2011年中央行政单位、事业单位和其他单位的“三公经费”支出，合计93.64亿元人民币。
expenditure
1. variable noun
Expenditure is the spending of money on something, or the money that is spent on something.
[formal]
Policies of tax reduction must lead to reduced public expenditure.
They should cut their expenditure on defence.
An expenditure for clothing will qualify as a trade or business expense.
Synonyms: spending, payment, expense, outgoings
2. uncountable noun
Expenditure of something such as time or energy is the using of that thing for a particular purpose.
[formal]
The financial rewards justified the expenditure of effort. [+ of]
Synonyms: consumption, use, using, application
fund
1. plural noun
Funds are amounts of money that are available to be spent, especially money that is given to an organization or person for a particular purpose.
The concert will raise funds for research into Aids.
...government funds.
2. See also fund-raising
3. countable noun [oft noun NOUN]
A fund is an amount of money that is collected or saved for a particular purpose.
...a pension fund.
...a scholarship fund for undergraduate engineering students. [+ for]
Synonyms: reserve, trust, stock, supply More Synonyms of fund
4. See also trust fund
5. verb
When a person or organization funds something, they provide money for it.
The Bush Foundation has funded a variety of faculty development programs. [VERB noun]
The airport is being privately funded by a construction group. [be VERB-ed]
...a new privately funded scheme. [VERB-ed]
Synonyms: finance, back, support, pay for More Synonyms of fund
-funded combining form
...government-funded institutions.
6. countable noun
If you have a fund of something, you have a lot of it.
He is possessed of an extraordinary fund of energy. [+ of]
Synonyms: store, stock, source, supply
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