本次分享将介绍如何在Python中使用Pandas库实现MySQL数据库的读写。首先我们需要了解点ORM方面的知识。

ORM技术

对象关系映射技术，即ORM（Object-Relational Mapping）技术，指的是把关系数据库的表结构映射到对象上，通过使用描述对象和数据库之间映射的元数据，将程序中的对象自动持久化到关系数据库中。

在Python中，最有名的ORM框架是SQLAlchemy。Java中典型的ORM中间件有: Hibernate, ibatis, speedframework。

SQLAlchemy Python学习交流群：1004391443

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款开源软件。提供了SQL工具包及对象关系映射（ORM）工具，使用MIT许可证发行。

可以使用pip命令安装SQLAlchemy模块：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">pip install sqlalchemy
</pre>

SQLAlchemy模块提供了create_engine()函数用来初始化数据库连接，SQLAlchemy用一个字符串表示连接信息：

<bi style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;">'数据库类型+数据库驱动名称://用户名:口令@机器地址:端口号/数据库名'</bi>

Pandas读写MySQL数据库

我们需要以下三个库来实现Pandas读写MySQL数据库：

• pandas
• sqlalchemy
• pymysql

其中，pandas模块提供了read_sql_query（）函数实现了对数据库的查询，to_sql（）函数实现了对数据库的写入，并不需要实现新建MySQL数据表。sqlalchemy模块实现了与不同数据库的连接，而pymysql模块则使得Python能够操作MySQL数据库。

我们将使用MySQL数据库中的mydb数据库以及employee表，内容如下：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225520324" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

mydb数据库以及employee表

下面将介绍一个简单的例子来展示如何在pandas中实现对MySQL数据库的读写：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># -- coding: utf-8 --

导入必要模块

import pandas as pd
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

初始化数据库连接，使用pymysql模块

MySQL的用户：root, 密码:147369, 端口：3306,数据库：mydb

engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:147369@localhost:3306/mydb')

查询语句，选出employee表中的所有数据

sql = '''
select * from employee;
'''

read_sql_query的两个参数: sql语句， 数据库连接

df = pd.read_sql_query(sql, engine)

输出employee表的查询结果

print(df)

新建pandas中的DataFrame, 只有id,num两列

df = pd.DataFrame({'id':[1,2,3,4],'num':[12,34,56,89]})

将新建的DataFrame储存为MySQL中的数据表，不储存index列

df.to_sql('mydf', engine, index= False)
print('Read from and write to Mysql table successfully!')
</pre>

程序的运行结果如下：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225520336" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

程序的运行结果

在MySQL中查看mydf表格：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225520341" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

mydf表格

这说明我们确实将pandas中新建的DataFrame写入到了MySQL中！

将CSV文件写入到MySQL中

以上的例子实现了使用Pandas库实现MySQL数据库的读写，我们将再介绍一个实例：将CSV文件写入到MySQL中，示例的mpg.CSV文件前10行如下：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225520345" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

mpg.CSV文件前10行

示例的Python代码如下：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># -- coding: utf-8 --

导入必要模块

import pandas as pd
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

初始化数据库连接，使用pymysql模块

engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:147369@localhost:3306/mydb')

读取本地CSV文件

df = pd.read_csv("E://mpg.csv", sep=',')

将新建的DataFrame储存为MySQL中的数据表，不储存index列

df.to_sql('mpg', engine, index= False)
print("Write to MySQL successfully!")
</pre>

在MySQL中查看mpg表格：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225520356" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image>

MySQL中的mpg表格

仅仅5句Python代码就实现了将CSV文件写入到MySQL中，这无疑是简单、方便、迅速、高效的！

总结

本文主要介绍了ORM技术以及SQLAlchemy模块，并且展示了两个Python程序的实例，介绍了如何使用Pandas库实现MySQL数据库的读写。程序本身并不难，关键在于多多练习。