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python中与系统发育相关的模块

python中与系统发育相关的模块

作者: 小明的数据分析笔记本 | 来源:发表于2018-10-07 17:38 被阅读0次

    最近在学习 Bioinformatics with python cookbook 这本书第六章 Phylogenetics 的内容,了解到python中与系统发育相关的两个模块 Dendropy和 ete3 (A Python framework for the analysis and visualization of trees),浏览ete3的文档的时候发现了很多非常漂亮的图片,第一感觉是和R语言里的ggtree功能很相似,所以觉得还是有必要学习一下。以下内容记录自己重复ete3文档中漂亮图片的过程。(题外话:个人感觉python绘图系统的默认配色比R语言的配色漂亮一点)

    • 第一步 安装
      自己 windows 的电脑按住了Anaconda3,直接在DOS命令行下使用easy_install即可安装相应的python模块.(正常应该使用pip install安装也是可以的,但是自己尝试的时候遇到了报错,没有搞清楚是什么原因)
    easy_install ete3
    
    • 第一个简单的小例子
      读入树文件,查看,然后保存为pdf文件
    from ete3 import Tree
    t = Tree("../../Desktop/Malus.output.fasta.treefile")
    t.show()
    
    运行完 t.show() 会跳出来一个ETE Tree Browser 25.PNG

    有点像figtree

    未完待续......

    更新

    将读入的树文件写入到新文件中

    from ete3 import Tree
    t = Tree("(A:1,(B:1,(E:1,D:1)Internal_1:0.5)Internal_2:0.5)Root;")
    t.write() #输出到屏幕
    t.write(outfile="new_tree.nex") #写入到文件中
    

    文档的内容有些枯燥,还是先从重复美图开始吧
    t.show()函数运行后会跳出来ETE Tree Browser窗口,将树显示到桌面上
    t.render()函数可以将树输出到图片里,可以生成png,pdf,svg格式
    一个简单的小例子

    from ete3 import Tree, TreeStyle
    t = Tree()
    t.render("mytree.png",w=183,units="mm")
    
    mytree.png
    • 第二个简单的小例子
    from ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import TreeStyle
    t = Tree()
    t.populate(10)
    ts.show_leaf_name = True
    ts.mode = "c"
    ts.arc_start = -180
    ts.arc_span = 180
    t.show(tree_style=ts)
    t.render("tree.png",tree_style=ts)
    
    tree.png
    • 3、第三个简单的小例子
    from ete3 import Tree
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    t.render("46.png")
    
    46.png
    from ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import NodeStyle
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    n1 = t.get_common_ancestor("a1","a2","a3")
    nst1 = NodeStyle()
    nst1["bgcolor"] = "LightSteelBlue"
    n1.set_style(nst1)
    t.render("47.png")
    
    47.png
    from ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import NodeStyle
    from ete3 import AttrFace
    from ete3 import faces
    from ete3 import TreeStyle
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    n1 = t.get_common_ancestor("a1","a2","a3")
    nst1 = NodeStyle()
    nst1["bgcolor"] = "LightSteelBlue"
    n1.set_style(nst1)
    n2 = t.get_common_ancestor("b1","b2","b3","b4")
    nst2 = NodeStyle()
    nst2["bgcolor"] = "DarkSeaGreen"
    n2.set_style(nst2)
    def lauout(node):
      if node.is_leaf():
        N = AttrFace("name",fsize=30)
        faces.add_face_to_node(N,node,0,position="aligned")
    ts = TreeStyle()
    ts.layout_fn = layout
    ts.show_leaf_name = False
    ts.render(tree_style = ts,file_name = "48.png")
    
    48.png
    rom ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import NodeStyle
    from ete3 import AttrFace
    from ete3 import faces
    from ete3 import TreeStyle
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    for n in t.traverse():
      n.dist = 2
    n1 = t.get_common_ancestor("a1","a2","a3")
    nst1 = NodeStyle()
    nst1["bgcolor"] = "LightSteelBlue"
    n1.set_style(nst1)
    n2 = t.get_common_ancestor("b1","b2","b3","b4")
    nst2 = NodeStyle()
    nst2["bgcolor"] = "Moccasin"
    n2.set_style(nst2)
    n2 = t.get_common_ancestor("c1","c2","c3")
    nst3 = NodeStyle()
    nst3["bgcolor"] = "DarkSeaGreen"
    n2.set_style(nst3)
    ts = TreeStyle()
    ts.mode = "c"
    t.render(tree_style=ts,file_name="49.png",w=1000,h=1000,dpi=300)
    
    49.png
    • 第4个小例子
    from ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import TreeStyle
    from ete3 import faces
    from ete3 import AttrFace
    from ete3 import PieChartFace
    from ete3 import COLOR_SCHEMES
    from random import sample
    from random import randint
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    ts = TreeStyle()
    def layout(node):
      if node.is_leaf():
        N = AttrFace("name",fsize=20)
        faces.add_face_to_node(N,node,column=0,position="branch-right")
        pieF = PieChartFace([10,20,60,10],colors=COLOR_SCHEMES[sample(schema_names,1)[0]],width=40,height=40)
        faces.add_face_to_node(pieF,node,column=0,position="aligned")
      else:
        node.img_style["size"] = randint(3,6)
        node.img_style["shape"] = "square"
        node.img_style["fgcolor" ] = "green"
    ts.layout_fn = layout
    ts.show_leaf_name = False
    ts.show_scale = False
     t.render(tree_style=ts,file_name = "50.png",w=500,h=500)
    
    50.png
    • 第五个小例子
    from ete3 import Tree
    from ete3 import TreeStyle
    from ete3 import faces
    from ete3 import TextFace
    from ete3 import AttrFace
    from ete3 import CircleFace
    from random import randint
    t = Tree("((((a1,a2),a3), ((b1,b2),(b3,b4))), ((c1,c2),c3));")
    def layout(node):
      if node.is_leaf():
        N = AttrFace("name",fsize=20)
        faces.add_face_to_node(N,node,column=0,position="branch-right")
        node.img_style["size"] = 0
      else:
        node.img_style['size'] = randint(5,8)
        node.img_style["shape"] = "square"
        node.img_style["fgcolor"] =  "green"
        bubble_face = CircleFace(randint(5,10),'steelblue','sphere')
        bubble_face.opacity = 0.6
        faces.add_face_to_node(bubble_face,node,column=0,position="float-behind")
        faces.add_face_to_node(AttrFace("dist",fsize=7,fgcolor="red"),node,column=0,position="branch-top")
        if node.up and not node.up.up:
          node.img_style['vt_line_width'] = 3
          node.img_style['hz_line_width'] = 4
    ts = TreeStyle()
    ts.lsyout _fn = layout
    ts.show_leaf_name = False
    ts.show_scale = False
    ts.mode = 'c'
    ts.arc_start = 270
    ts.arc_span = 185
    t.show(tree_style=ts)
    t.render(tree_style=ts,w=800,file_name="51.png")
    
    51.png

    更新 Dendropy 模块的内容

    比对格式之间的转化,比较常用的比如从fasta格式转换成newick格式,或者newick转换成nexus格式,自己之前遇到此类问题一直使用的是在线工具 http://sing.ei.uvigo.es/ALTER/ 。今天浏览dendropy文档时发现这个模块也可以实现格式转换,多了一种选择,简单记录。(具体都可以转换那些格式自己还不是很清楚,自己目前知道的是fasta,newick,nexus,phylip)使用到的示例文件
    https://pan.baidu.com/s/1chchsxMjP2fM-ghKaOaArQ

    import dendropy
    ccsA = dendropy.DnaCharacterMatrix.get(path = "ccsA_KaKs_pra.fas", schema = "fasta")
    ccsA.write(path = "ccsA.phy",schema = "phylip")
    ccsA.write(path = "ccsA.newick", schema = "newick")
    ccsA.write(path = "ccsA.nexus", schema = "nexus")
    

    使用mega利用上一步的比对文件建一棵树,导出为newick格式,然后利用dendropy模块转化为nexus格式(converting a single tree from Newick schema to nexus)

    import dendropy
    ccsA = dendropy.Tree.get(path = "ccsA.newick",schema = "newick")
    ccsA.write(path="ccsA.nex",schema = "nexus")
    

    查看树(viewing and displaying trees)
    两种方式

    • print_plot()可以查看拓扑结构
    • as_string()可以查看文本形式的树
    import dendropy
    t = dendropy.Tree.get(path = "ccsA.newick",schema = "newick")
    t.print_plot()
    print(t.as_string(schema="newick"))
    print(t.as_string(schema="nexus"))
    

    自genbank数据库下载fasta格式的数据(这部分是重复Bioinformatics with python cookbook 这本书第六章 Phylogenetics 的内容第一步:下载诶博拉病毒的基因组数据,之前尝试了好多次一直没有看懂书中的代码,尝试原封不动的重复一直遇到错误,今天浏览dendropy的文档的过程中找到了一直遇到报错的原因:dendropy的部分代码已经更新,书中提到的部分代码已经不再使用)
    先重复文档中的两个小例子

    import dendropy
    from dendropy.interop import genbank
    gb_dna = genbank.GenBankDna(ids = ['EU105474','EU105475'])
    #如果序列号之间是连续的,还可以换一种写法
    gb_dna = genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(74,75),prefix="EU1054")
    for gb in gb_dna:
      print(gb)
    char_mat = gb_dna.generate_char_matrix()
    #输出到屏幕
    print(char_mat.as_string("fasta"))
    #写到文件里
    fw = open("dendropy_practice_1.fasta","w")
    char_mat.write_to_stream(fw,'fasta')
    fw.close()
    

    接下来重复书中下载序列用到的的部分代码(书中的内容还涉及到了 yield 函数,自己还没有太搞懂这个函数的用法 ,可以参考 https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-cn-python-yield/

    import dendropy
    from dendropy.interop import genbank
    
    def get_other_ebolavirus_sources():
        yield 'BDBV', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(3,6),prefix='KC54539')
        yield 'BDBV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['FJ217161'])
        yield 'RESTV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['AB050936','JX477165','JX477166','FJ621583','FJ621584','FJ621585'])
        yield 'SUDV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['KC242783','AY729654','EU338380','JN638998','FJ968794','KC589025','JN638998'])
        yield 'SUDV', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(89,92),prefix='KC5453')
        yield 'TAFV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['FJ217162'])
    
    
    #原书中需要更新的代码
    #这部分代码自己也不是太明白,反正目的是将序列的名字改成自己想要的格式
    
    def gb_to_taxon(gb,taxon_namespace):
        label = species + "_" + gb.accession
        taxon = taxon_namespace.require_taxon(label=label)
        return taxon
        
    taxon_namespace = dendropy.TaxonNamespace()
    
    
        
    other = open('other.fasta','w')
    for species, recs in get_other_ebolavirus_sources():
        char_mat = recs.generate_char_matrix(taxon_namespace = taxon_namespace,gb_to_taxon_fn = gb_to_taxon)
        print(char_mat.as_string("fasta"))
        char_mat.write_to_stream(other,'fasta')
        
    other.close()
    

    下载所有序列用到的完整代码(小插曲:第一次试运行遇到了报错,仔细检查才发现把序列号中的数字0错看成了字母O)

    import dendropy
    from dendropy.interop import genbank
    
    def get_other_ebolavirus_sources():
        yield 'BDBV', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(3,6),prefix='KC54539')
        yield 'BDBV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['FJ217161'])
        yield 'RESTV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['AB050936','JX477165','JX477166','FJ621583','FJ621584','FJ621585'])
        yield 'SUDV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['KC242783','AY729654','EU338380','JN638998','FJ968794','KC589025','JN638998'])
        yield 'SUDV', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(89,92),prefix='KC5453')
        yield 'TAFV', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['FJ217162'])
    
    
    def get_ebov_2014_sources():
        yield 'EBOV_2014', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(233036,233118),prefix="KM")
        yield 'EBOV_2014', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(34549,34563),prefix='KM0')
        
    def get_other_ebov_sources():
        yield 'EBOV_1976', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['AF272001','KC242801'])
        yield 'EBOV_1995', genbank.GenBankDna(ids=['KC242796','KC242799'])
        yield 'EBOV_2007', genbank.GenBankDna(id_range=(84,90),prefix='KC2427')
        
    
        
        
        
    #原书中需要更新的代码
    #这部分代码自己也不是太明白,反正目的是将序列的名字改成自己想要的格式
    
    def gb_to_taxon(gb,taxon_namespace):
        label = species + "_" + gb.accession
        taxon = taxon_namespace.require_taxon(label=label)
        return taxon
        
    taxon_namespace = dendropy.TaxonNamespace()
    
    
        
    sampled = open('sample.fasta','w')
    for species, recs in get_other_ebolavirus_sources():
        char_mat = recs.generate_char_matrix(taxon_namespace = taxon_namespace,gb_to_taxon_fn = gb_to_taxon)
        char_mat.write_to_stream(sampled,'fasta')
    
    def gb_to_taxon1(gb,taxon_namespace):
        label = "EBOV_2014_" + gb.accession
        taxon = taxon_namespace.require_taxon(label=label)
        return taxon
        
    for species, recs in get_ebov_2014_sources():
        char_mat = recs.generate_char_matrix(taxon_namespace = taxon_namespace,gb_to_taxon_fn = gb_to_taxon1)
        char_mat.write_to_stream(sampled,'fasta')
        
    for species, rec in get_other_ebov_sources():
        char_mat = recs.generate_char_matrix(taxon_namespace = taxon_namespace,gb_to_taxon_fn = gb_to_taxon1)
        char_mat.write_to_stream(sampled,'fasta')
    
    
    sampled.close()
    

    接下来可以重复比对和建树了

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