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在很多情况下，一个大脑中的神经过程与另一个大脑中的神经过程是通过环境传递的信号耦合。大脑间的耦合塑造了社会网络中每个个体的行为，从而导致更为复杂的社会交互。而人类的生存与发展，都是在人与人之间的社会交互作用中实现的，通过社会交往，个体接受各种社会影响，掌握社会规范，学习社会行为。
目前，实验室实验通常是将人或动物与自然环境隔离，把他们放在一个封闭的房间里，只与计算机程序进行交互。这种以自我为中心的研究框架让人想起托勒密的地心说。从人类文明早期开始，人们就认为恒星对地球物理过程（如：地震弹性波、重力、地磁、地电、地热等）没有任何影响。目前对引力、轨道和潮汐的了解是在哥白尼革命之后才出现的，哥白尼革命使人们认识到，地球只是一个复杂的、相互作用的行星系统中的一个元素。同样，在认知神经科学领域中，对单个个体的着重关注掩盖了大脑之间交互对行为塑造的力量。语言交流就是一个很好的例子来说明他人在一个人的认知过程中所起的作用。正如Wittgenstein所说，一个词的意义是由其使用来定义的。但是，随着时代、文化、环境的不同，正确的用法也会有所不同。因此，适当使用一个词的基础是一个说话群体所共有的一套相互关联的规范。比如，要掌握一门语言，你必须通过与其他成员互动来学习单词的正确用法。这种互动从根本上塑造了个体的思维和行为方式。不过不仅仅只是语言，其他一些非语言社交和认知技能也需要多个个体的协作。在人际互动中出现的如此多的认知能力的情况下，如果不考察和理解个体之间的相互作用，就不可能完全理解个体大脑中的认知过程。这可能也是目前很多研究从对单一的大脑研究转向多个大脑联合参考的原因吧。
小编在这里也为大家整理了使用fNIRS/fMRI/EEG/MEG技术研究多个大脑交互的相关研究，感兴趣的小伙伴可以在公众号后台回复“超扫描合集”，获取以下所有文献。
fNIRS超扫描
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Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092
Team-work, Team-brain: Exploring synchrony and team interdependence in a nine-person drumming task via multiparticipant hyperscanning and inter-brain network topology with fNIRS.
doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118147
Interpersonal Neural Synchrony During Father-Child Problem Solving: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.
doi: 10.1111/cdev.13510
Educational diversity and group creativity: Evidence from fNIRS hyperscanning.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118564
Dynamic inter-brain synchrony in real-life inter-personal cooperation: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning study.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118263
A Guide to Parent-Child fNIRS Hyperscanning Data Processing and Analysis.
doi: 10.3390/s21124075
Interbrain Synchrony of Team Collaborative Decision-Making: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702959
NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior frontal cortex during cooperation.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.003
Leader emergence through interpersonal neural synchronization.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1422930112
Synchronous activity of two people’s prefrontal cortices during a cooperative task measured by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy.
doi: 10.1117/1.3602853
Cluster imaging of multi-brain networks (CIMBN): a general framework for hyperscanning and modeling a group of interacting brains.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00267
Neural Synchronization during Face-to-Face Communication.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2926-12.2012
A new research trend in social neuroscience: Towards an interactive-brain neuroscience.
doi: 10.1002/pchj.56
Independent component analysisbased source-level hyperlink analysis for two-person neuroscience studies.
doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.22.2.027004
Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092
Cooperation in Lovers: An fNIRS-Based Hyperscanning Study.
doi: 10.1002/hbm.23421
The role of anterior prefrontal cortex (area 10) in face-to-face deception measured with fNIRS.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa086
Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning.
doi: 10.1038/srep26492
Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060
Interbrains cooperation: Hyperscanning and self-perception in joint actions.
doi: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1253666
fMRI超扫描
Decoupled Circular-Polarized Dual-Head Volume Coil Pair for Studying Two Interacting Human Brains with Dyadic fMRI.
doi: 10.1002/mrm.23313
What makes eye contact special? Neural substrates of on-line mutual eyegaze: a hyperscanning fMRI study.
doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0284-18.2019
Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions.
doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1150
Hard to “tune in”: neural mechanisms of live face-to-face interaction with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268
The Neural Substrates of Social Influence on Decision Making.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052630
Beyond synchrony: the capacity of fMRI hyperscanning for the study of human social interaction.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa143
Dissecting social interaction: dual-fMRI reveals patterns of interpersonal brain-behavior relationships that dissociate among dimensions of social exchange.
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsz004
Bidirectional signal exchanges and their mechanisms during joint attention interaction—a hyperscanning fMRI study.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.028
Neural substrates of shared attention as social memory: a hyperscanning functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.076
“Stay Tuned”: Inter-Individual Neural Synchronization During Mutual Gaze and Joint Attention.
doi: 10.3389/fnint.2010.00127
Speaker–Listener Neural Coupling Underlies Successful Communication.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008662107
On the Same Wavelength: Predictable Language Enhances Speaker–Listener Brain-to-Brain Synchrony in Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3796-13.2014
Information Flow Between Interacting Human Brains: Identification, Validation and Relationship to Social Expertise.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421831112
EEG超扫描
Simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic data in musicians playing in ensemble.
doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.006
Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction.
doi: 10.4161/cib.4.3.15110
High resolution EEG hyperscanning during a card game.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353453
Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making.
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005
Hypermethods for EEG hyperscanning.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260754
Imaging the Social Brain by Simultaneous Hyperscanning During Subject Interaction.
doi: 10.1109/MIS.2011.61
Interbrain Phase Synchronization During Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.
doi:10.1002/hbm.23834
Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in humans.
doi: 10.1007/s10548-010-0147-9
Anatomical Connectivity Influences both Intra- and Inter-Brain Synchronizations.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036414
Intra- and interbrain synchronization and network properties when playing guitar in duets.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00312
Joint recording of EEG and audio signals in hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning experiments.
doi: 10.31234/osf.io/xzm76
Multiple-Brain Connectivity During Third Party Punishment: An EEG hyperscanning Study.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24416-w
Teams on The Same Wavelength Perform Better: Inter-Brain Phase Synchronization Constitutes a Neural Substrate for Social Facilitation.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013
Brain Interaction During Cooperation: Evaluating Local Properties of Multiple-Brain Network.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci7070090
Brain-to-Brain Entrainment: EEG Interbrain Synchronization While Speaking and Listening.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04464-4
Brain-to-Brain Synchrony Tracks Real-World Dynamic Group Interactions in the Classroom.
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.002
Investigating Cooperative Behavior in Ecological Settings: An EEG hyperscanning Study.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154236
EEG hyperscanning Study of Inter-Brain Synchrony During Cooperative and Competitive Interaction.
doi: 10.1109/smc.2016.7844990
Automatic Measure of Imitation During Social Interaction: A Behavioral and hyperscanning-EEG Benchmark.
doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2014.09.002
Interpersonal Body and Neural Synchronization as a Marker of Implicit Social Interaction.
doi: 10.1038/srep00959
Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction Between Identical Twins.
doi: 10.1126/science.150.3694.367
MEG超扫描
MEG dual scanning: a procedure to study real-time auditory interaction between two persons.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00083
Mu rhythm suppression reflects mother-child face-to-face interactions: a pilot study with simultaneous MEG recording.
doi: 10.1038/srep34977
Hyperscanning MEG for understanding mother-child cerebral interactions.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00118
Neural signatures of hand kinematics in leaders vs. followers: A dual-MEG study.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.002
Interbrain Phase Synchronization During Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.
doi:10.1002/hbm.23834
An internet-based realtime audiovisual link for dual MEG recordings.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128485
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