SQL 优化
优化实战
策略 1.尽量全值匹配
CREATE TABLE `staffs`(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(24) not null default "" comment'姓名',
age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',
pos varchar(20) not null default "" comment'职位',
add_time timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '入职时间' )charset utf8 comment '员工记录表';
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('z3',22,'manage',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('july',23,'dev',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('2000',23,'dev',now());
alter table staffs add index idx_staffs_nameAgePos(name,age,pos);
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25 AND pos = 'dev' 当建立了索引列后,能在 wherel 条件中使用索引的尽量所用。
策略 2.最佳左前缀法则
如果索引了多列,要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE age = 25 AND pos = 'dev';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE pos = 'dev' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July;
策略 3.不在索引列上做任何操作
不在索引列上做任何操作(计算、函数、(自动 or 手动)类型转换),会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE left(NAME,4) = 'July';
策略 4.范围条件放最后
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager' ;
中间有范围查询会导致后面的索引列全部失效:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager' 。
策略 5.覆盖索引尽量用
尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致)),减少 select * 这样的字段。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 andpos='manager' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 andpos='manager' ;
策略 6.不等于要甚用
mysql 在使用不等于(!= 或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
如果定要需要使用不等于,请用覆盖索引;
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
策略 7.Null/Not 有影响
注意 null/not null 对索引的可能有影响
自定定义为 NOT NULL
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is null;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is not null;
在字段为 not null 的情况下,使用 is null 或 is not null 会导致索引失效;
解决方式:覆盖索引 ;
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null 。
自定义为 NULL 或者不定义
EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is null ;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is not null;
Is not null 的情况会导致索引失效;
解决方式:覆盖索引 ;
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null;
策略 8.Like 查询要当心
like 以通配符开头('%abc...')mysql 索引失效会变成全表扫描的操作。
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name ='july' ;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july%' ;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july' ;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like 'july%' ;
解决方式:覆盖索引;
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name like '%july%';
策略 9.字符类型加引号
字符串不加单引号索引失效。
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = 917;
解决方式:请加引号;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = '917';
策略 10.OR 改 UNION 效率高
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3' ;
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name='July' UNION select * from staffs where name = 'z3' ;
解决方式:覆盖索引;
EXPLAIN select name,age from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3';
测试题
答案:
记忆总结:
全职匹配我最爱,最左前缀要遵守;
带头大哥不能死,中间兄弟不能断;
索引列上少计算,范围之后全失效;
LIKE 百分写最右,覆盖索引不写*;
不等空值还有 OR,索引影响要注意;
VAR 引号不可丢, SQL 优化有诀窍。
批量导入
insert 语句优化:
提交前关闭自动提交
尽量使用批量 insert 语句
可以使用 MyISAM 存储引擎
LOAD DATA INFLIE
使用 LOAD DATA INFLIE ,比一般的 insert 语句快 20 倍;
select * into OUTFILE 'D:\\product.txt' from product_info ;
load data INFILE 'D:\\product.txt' into table product_info ;
load data INFILE '/soft/product3.txt' into table product_info;
show VARIABLES like 'secure_file_priv':
secure_file_priv 为 NULL 时,表示限制 mysqld 不允许导入或导出;
secure_file_priv 为 /tmp 时,表示限制 mysqld 只能在/tmp 目录中执行导入导出,其他目录不能执行;
secure_file_priv 没有值时,表示不限制 mysqld 在任意目录的导入导出。
可以在mysql里面设置secure_file_priv=' ' ,但是需要管理员权限。
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