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数通 | 静态路由表的配置（含负载分担、路由备份）

数通 | 静态路由表的配置（含负载分担、路由备份）

作者: zhouie | 来源:发表于2019-07-27 23:43 被阅读0次

    拓扑图（含IP规划）

    • 配置任务
      按照拓扑图要求配置IP地址，手动添加构建路由表，并在路由器R1和R2间实现静态路由的负载分担（到相同目的地址的下一跳不同，但优先级相同；到目的地的流量将均匀分布），在路由器R2和R3间实现静态路由的主备路由备份（到相同目的地址的下一跳和优先级都不同，优先级高的为主，低的为备），最终实现PC1和PC2的互相通信。

    • 配置工具
      华为网络设备仿真平台eNSP

    静态路由表的配置

    配置步骤（含完整指令）

    首先，配置主机PC1、PC2的IP信息很简单（留意网关就好），比如PC1就这样：


    配置主机PC1

    然后，需要配置的是R1、R2、R3、R4的各个端口所分配的IP地址，以R1为例，需要配置的有Eth0/0/0（192.168.1.2/24）、Eth0/0/1（10.1.1.1/30）、G0/0/0（10.1.2.1/30）这三个端口。

    <Huawei>sys  #R1
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int Eth0/0/0
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.1.2 24
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 17:11:56-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 17:12:02-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 1, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int Eth0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]ip address 10.1.1.1 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]
Jul 25 2019 17:14:34-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 17:14:42-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 2, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.2.1 30
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 17:21:12-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 17:21:13-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 3, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]display ip routing-table  # 查询一下当前的路由表中有哪些表项
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 8        Routes : 8        

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.1.1.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.1.1        Ethernet0/0/1
       10.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Ethernet0/0/1
       10.1.2.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.2.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.2.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.2     Ethernet0/0/0
    192.168.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Ethernet0/0/0

    类似地方法不断操作，可以完成R1、R1、R2、R3、R4的各个端口IP地址的配置。

    <Huawei>sys  #R2
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int eth0/0/0    
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.1.2 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 18:28:03-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:28:05-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 1, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int eth0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]ip address 10.1.2.2 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]
Jul 25 2019 18:28:32-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:28:35-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 2, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.3.1 30
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 18:28:52-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:28:55-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 3, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.1.4.1 30
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
Jul 25 2019 18:29:09-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[3]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:29:15-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 4, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]

    <Huawei>sys  #R3
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int eth0/0/0
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.3.2 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 18:31:29-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:31:35-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 1, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int eth0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]ip address 10.1.4.2 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]
Jul 25 2019 18:31:59-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:32:05-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 2, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.5.1 30
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 18:32:27-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:32:35-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 3, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]


    <Huawei>sys  #R4
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int Eth0/0/0
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip address 10.1.5.2 30
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]
Jul 25 2019 18:33:47-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:33:55-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 1, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int Eth0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.2.2 24
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]
Jul 25 2019 18:34:13-08:00 Huawei %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface Ethernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
Jul 25 2019 18:34:15-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 2, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]

    接下来，需要在各个路由器上添加路由表信息，配置任务只需要我们“打通”PC1和PC2之间的数据通信，那么这里的会我偷个懒，用至少的配置步骤添加路由，过程如下：

    <Huawei>sys  #R1
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.2.1 24 10.1.2.2  #添加两条静态路由 负载分担
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.2.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:41:35-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 4, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.2.1 24 10.1.1.2  #添加两条静态路由 负载分担
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.2.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:42:25-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 5, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]


    <Huawei>sys  #R2
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.2.1 24 10.1.3.2 preference 100  #添加主/备静态路由 备
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.2.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:47:26-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 5, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.2.1 24 10.1.4.2 preference 60  #添加主/备静态路由 主
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.2.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:51:26-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 6, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.1 24 10.1.1.1   #添加两条静态路由 负载分担
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.1.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:53:16-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 7, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.1 24 10.1.2.1   #添加两条静态路由 负载分担
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.1.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:53:36-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 8, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]


    <Huawei>sys  #R3
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.2.1 24 10.1.5.2  #添加一条静态路由
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.2.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:57:46-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 4, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.1 24 10.1.3.1 preference 100  #添加主/备静态路由 备
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.1.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:58:26-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 5, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.1 24 10.1.4.1 preference 60  #添加主/备静态路由 主
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.1.0/24 was generated.
Jul 25 2019 18:58:56-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 6, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]


    <Huawei>sys  #R4
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.1 24 10.1.5.1    #添加一条静态路由
Info: The destination address and mask of the configured static route mismatched
, and the static route 192.168.1.0/24 was generated.
[Huawei]
Jul 25 2019 19:01:36-08:00 Huawei DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 3, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
[Huawei]

    经过上面的路由配置，我们的主机PC1和PC2应当可以就互相通信了！

    结果验证

    • ping验证（PC1 上 ping PC2）
    PC>ping 192.168.2.1

Ping 192.168.2.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=124 time=219 ms
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=124 time=156 ms
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=124 time=187 ms
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=124 time=187 ms
From 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=124 time=187 ms

--- 192.168.2.1 ping statistics ---
  5 packet(s) transmitted
  5 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 156/187/219 ms
    • tracert验证
      很显然，这同我们所期望的路由转发路径是一致的！主要看R2-R3这一段转发，我们配置了主备路由备份，转发路径必须沿着R2的GE0/0/1（10.1.4.1/30） -> R3的Eth0/0/1（10.1.4.2/30） 转发！
    PC>tracert 192.168.2.1

traceroute to 192.168.2.1, 8 hops max
(ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop
 1  192.168.1.2   15 ms  31 ms  32 ms
 2  10.1.2.2   93 ms  79 ms  62 ms
 3  10.1.4.2   94 ms  94 ms  125 ms
 4  10.1.5.2   140 ms  125 ms  125 ms
 5    *192.168.2.1   156 ms  188 ms
    • 查看路由表情况
    [Huawei]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 12       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.1.1.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.1.2        Ethernet0/0/0
       10.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Ethernet0/0/0
       10.1.2.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.2.2        Ethernet0/0/1
       10.1.2.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Ethernet0/0/1
       10.1.3.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.3.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.3.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.4.0/30  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.4.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.4.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.1.1        Ethernet0/0/0
                    Static  60   0          RD   10.1.2.1        Ethernet0/0/1
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.4.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

    这里其实有一个问题，我们在路由器R2上给目的地址192.168.1.1/24即主机PC1定义了两条静态路由负载分担，这在上面的路由表中有体现出来，没什么问题。但同时我们也有在给目的地址192.168.2.1/24即主机PC2定义了两条主/备静态路由（优先级不同），不过在路由表中没有这样的两条记录。

    其实，这很好理解，对于这种主/备路由备份模式，由于我们给“主用路由表项”定义的优先级始终最高，所以它应当是处于Active状态的，根本轮不到那条“备用路由表项”，因此它的状态应当是Inactive的！

    那么，既然display ip routing-table这条命令无法查看到那条Inactive状态的路由表项，我们就得另想办法，这里介绍这样几条指令——display ip routing-table protocol static，display ip routing-table verbose以及display current-configuration!

    • display ip routing-table protocol static这条指令表示查看协议类型为static的所有路由表项（包括Inactive状态的），类似的，查看协议类型为ospf的所有路由表项，就是用display ip routing-table protocol ospf。
    • display ip routing-table verbose这条指令可以查看路由表的详细信息（也就是包括所有路由表项）。
    • display current-configuration显示当前配置信息。

    参考文献

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