python库介绍-argparse: 命令行选项及参数解析

作者: python测试开发 | 来源:发表于2018-11-29 14:20 被阅读5次

    快速入门

    argparse是一个完整的参数处理库。参数可以根据add_argument()的action选项触发不同action。支持的action有存储参数(单个,或作为列表的一部分);存储常量的值(对布尔开关true/false有特殊处理)。默认动作是存储参数值。支持type(指定存储类型)和dest(指定存储变量)等参数。

    然后使用函数parse_args()进行参数解析,这个函数的输入默认是sys.argv[1:],也可以使用其他字符串列表。选项使用GNU/POSIX语法处理,可以混合选项和参数值。parse_args的返回值是一个包含命令参数的Namespace。所有参数以属性的形式存在,比如args.myoption。

    下面是一个简单的示例:argparse_short.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Short sample app')
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    print(parser.parse_args(['-a', '-bval', '-c', '3']))
    

    执行结果:

    
    $ python3 argparse_short.py
    Namespace(a=True, b='val', c=3)
    

    长参数argparse_long.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='Example with long option names',
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('--noarg', action="store_true",
                        default=False)
    parser.add_argument('--witharg', action="store",
                        dest="witharg")
    parser.add_argument('--witharg2', action="store",
                        dest="witharg2", type=int)
    
    print(
        parser.parse_args(
            ['--noarg', '--witharg', 'val', '--witharg2=3']
        )
    )
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_long.py
    
    Namespace(noarg=True, witharg='val', witharg2=3)
    

    混合可选和必选参数:argparse_arguments.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='Example with nonoptional arguments',
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('count', action="store", type=int)
    parser.add_argument('units', action="store")
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_arguments.py 3 inches
    
    Namespace(count=3, units='inches')
    
    $ python3 argparse_arguments.py some inches
    
    usage: argparse_arguments.py [-h] count units
    argparse_arguments.py: error: argument count: invalid int value:
    'some'
    
    $ python3 argparse_arguments.py
    
    usage: argparse_arguments.py [-h] count units
    argparse_arguments.py: error: the following arguments are
    required: count, units
    

    参数action有:

    store:默认action模式,存储值到指定变量。
    store_const:存储值在参数的const部分指定,多用于实现非布尔的命令行flag。
    store_true / store_false:布尔开关。可以2个参数对应一个变量。
    append:存储值到列表,该参数可以重复使用。
    append_const:存储值到列表,存储值在参数的const部分指定。
    version 输出版本信息然后退出。

    下面是各种action的示例:argparse_action.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument('-s', action='store',
                        dest='simple_value',
                        help='Store a simple value')
    
    parser.add_argument('-c', action='store_const',
                        dest='constant_value',
                        const='value-to-store',
                        help='Store a constant value')
    
    parser.add_argument('-t', action='store_true',
                        default=False,
                        dest='boolean_t',
                        help='Set a switch to true')
    parser.add_argument('-f', action='store_false',
                        default=True,
                        dest='boolean_f',
                        help='Set a switch to false')
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action='append',
                        dest='collection',
                        default=[],
                        help='Add repeated values to a list')
    
    parser.add_argument('-A', action='append_const',
                        dest='const_collection',
                        const='value-1-to-append',
                        default=[],
                        help='Add different values to list')
    parser.add_argument('-B', action='append_const',
                        dest='const_collection',
                        const='value-2-to-append',
                        help='Add different values to list')
    
    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
                        version='%(prog)s 1.0')
    
    results = parser.parse_args()
    print('simple_value     = {!r}'.format(results.simple_value))
    print('constant_value   = {!r}'.format(results.constant_value))
    print('boolean_t        = {!r}'.format(results.boolean_t))
    print('boolean_f        = {!r}'.format(results.boolean_f))
    print('collection       = {!r}'.format(results.collection))
    print('const_collection = {!r}'.format(results.const_collection))
    

    执行结果如下,注意'simple_value'等被自动化转化为大写

    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_action.py [-h] [-s SIMPLE_VALUE] [-c] [-t] [-f]
                              [-a COLLECTION] [-A] [-B] [--version]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help       show this help message and exit
      -s SIMPLE_VALUE  Store a simple value
      -c               Store a constant value
      -t               Set a switch to true
      -f               Set a switch to false
      -a COLLECTION    Add repeated values to a list
      -A               Add different values to list
      -B               Add different values to list
      --version        show program's version number and exit
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -s value
    
    simple_value     = 'value'
    constant_value   = None
    boolean_t        = False
    boolean_f        = True
    collection       = []
    const_collection = []
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -c
    
    simple_value     = None
    constant_value   = 'value-to-store'
    boolean_t        = False
    boolean_f        = True
    collection       = []
    const_collection = []
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -t
    
    simple_value     = None
    constant_value   = None
    boolean_t        = True
    boolean_f        = True
    collection       = []
    const_collection = []
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -f
    
    simple_value     = None
    constant_value   = None
    boolean_t        = False
    boolean_f        = False
    collection       = []
    const_collection = []
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -a one -a two -a three
    
    simple_value     = None
    constant_value   = None
    boolean_t        = False
    boolean_f        = True
    collection       = ['one', 'two', 'three']
    const_collection = []
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py -B -A
    
    simple_value     = None
    constant_value   = None
    boolean_t        = False
    boolean_f        = True
    collection       = []
    const_collection = ['value-2-to-append', 'value-1-to-append']
    
    $ python3 argparse_action.py --version
    
    argparse_action.py 1.0
    

    参考资料

    可选前缀

    ArgumentParser函数中的选项prefix_chars可以指定前缀。默认使用UNIX风格,命令行使用‘-’作为前缀。可以使用windows的’/’或者其他符号。

    argparse_prefix_chars.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='Change the option prefix characters',
        prefix_chars='-+/',
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_false",
                        default=None,
                        help='Turn A off',
                        )
    parser.add_argument('+a', action="store_true",
                        default=None,
                        help='Turn A on',
                        )
    parser.add_argument('//noarg', '++noarg',
                        action="store_true",
                        default=False)
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_prefix_chars.py [-h] [-a] [+a] [//noarg]
    
    Change the option prefix characters
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help        show this help message and exit
      -a                Turn A off
      +a                Turn A on
      //noarg, ++noarg
    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py +a
    
    Namespace(a=True, noarg=False)
    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py -a
    
    Namespace(a=False, noarg=False)
    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py //noarg
    
    Namespace(a=None, noarg=True)
    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py ++noarg
    
    Namespace(a=None, noarg=True)
    
    $ python3 argparse_prefix_chars.py --noarg
    
    usage: argparse_prefix_chars.py [-h] [-a] [+a] [//noarg]
    argparse_prefix_chars.py: error: unrecognized arguments: --noarg
    

    处理配置文件中的参数

    argparse_with_shlex.py

    
    import argparse
    from configparser import ConfigParser
    import shlex
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Short sample app')
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    config = ConfigParser()
    config.read('argparse_with_shlex.ini')
    config_value = config.get('cli', 'options')
    print('Config  :', config_value)
    
    argument_list = shlex.split(config_value)
    print('Arg List:', argument_list)
    
    print('Results :', parser.parse_args(argument_list))
    
    

    其中argparse_with_shlex.ini文件的内容如下:

    
    [cli]
    options = -a -b 2
    
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_with_shlex.py
    
    Config  : -a -b 2
    Arg List: ['-a', '-b', '2']
    Results : Namespace(a=True, b='2', c=None)
    

    上面例子使用了ConfigParser来读取配置,再用shlex来切割参数。也可以通过fromfile_prefix_chars 告知argparse输入参数为文件。

    argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.py

    
    import argparse
    import shlex
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Short sample app',
                                     fromfile_prefix_chars='@',
                                     )
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    print(parser.parse_args(['@argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.txt']))
    

    argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.txt

    
    -a
    -b
    2
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.py
    
    Namespace(a=True, b='2', c=None)
    

    帮助

    • 自动生成

    Argparse会自动生成的帮助和版本信息。ArgumentParser的add_help参数控制帮助的生成,默认是开启。

    argparse_with_help.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=True)
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    下例就关闭帮助:

    argparse_without_help.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python argparse_with_help.py -h
    usage: argparse_with_help.py [-h] [-a] [-b B] [-c C]
    optional arguments:
    -h, --help show this help message and exit
    -a
    -b B
    -c C
    $ python argparse_without_help.py -h
    usage: argparse_without_help.py [-a] [-b B] [-c C]
    argparse_without_help.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -h
    
    • 自定义帮助

    argparse_custom_help.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=True)
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", dest="b")
    parser.add_argument('-c', action="store", dest="c", type=int)
    
    print('print_usage output:')
    parser.print_usage()
    print()
    
    print('print_help output:')
    parser.print_help()
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_custom_help.py
    
    print_usage output:
    usage: argparse_custom_help.py [-h] [-a] [-b B] [-c C]
    
    print_help output:
    usage: argparse_custom_help.py [-h] [-a] [-b B] [-c C]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      -a
      -b B
      -c C
    
    

    argparse_raw_description_help_formatter.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        add_help=True,
        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
        description="""
        description
            not
               wrapped""",
        epilog="""
        epilog
          not
             wrapped""",
    )
    
    parser.add_argument(
        '-a', action="store_true",
        help="""argument
        help is
        wrapped
        """,
    )
    
    parser.print_help()
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_raw_description_help_formatter.py
    
    usage: argparse_raw_description_help_formatter.py [-h] [-a]
    
        description
            not
               wrapped
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      -a          argument help is wrapped
    
        epilog
          not
             wrapped
    

    argparse_raw_text_help_formatter.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        add_help=True,
        formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter,
        description="""
        description
            not
               wrapped""",
        epilog="""
        epilog
          not
             wrapped""",
    )
    
    parser.add_argument(
        '-a', action="store_true",
        help="""argument
        help is not
        wrapped
        """,
    )
    
    parser.print_help()
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_raw_text_help_formatter.py
    
    usage: argparse_raw_text_help_formatter.py [-h] [-a]
    
        description
            not
               wrapped
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      -a          argument
                      help is not
                      wrapped
    
    
        epilog
          not
             wrapped
    

    argparse_metavar_type_help_formatter.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        add_help=True,
        formatter_class=argparse.MetavarTypeHelpFormatter,
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('-i', type=int, dest='notshown1')
    parser.add_argument('-f', type=float, dest='notshown2')
    
    parser.print_help()
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_metavar_type_help_formatter.py
    
    usage: argparse_metavar_type_help_formatter.py [-h] [-i int] [-f
     float]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      -i int
      -f float
    

    组织解析器

    公共解析器:通过父子类来实现。

    见argparse_parent_base.py:

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
    
    parser.add_argument('--user', action="store")
    parser.add_argument('--password', action="store")
    

    argparse_uses_parent.py

    
    import argparse
    import argparse_parent_base
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        parents=[argparse_parent_base.parser],
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('--local-arg',
                        action="store_true",
                        default=False)
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    注意:父类关闭了help。子类却默认开启了help。执行结果:

    
    $ python3 argparse_uses_parent.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_uses_parent.py [-h] [--user USER]
                                   [--password PASSWORD]
                                   [--local-arg]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help           show this help message and exit
      --user USER
      --password PASSWORD
      --local-arg
    

    参数冲突

    argparse_conflict_handler_resolve.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(conflict_handler='resolve')
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store")
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", help='Short alone')
    parser.add_argument('--long-b', '-b',
                        action="store",
                        help='Long and short together')
    
    print(parser.parse_args(['-h']))
    
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_conflict_handler_resolve.py
    
    usage: argparse_conflict_handler_resolve.py [-h] [-a A]
    [--long-b LONG_B]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      -a A
      --long-b LONG_B, -b LONG_B
                            Long and short together
    

    argparse_conflict_handler_resolve2.py、

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(conflict_handler='resolve')
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action="store")
    parser.add_argument('--long-b', '-b',
                        action="store",
                        help='Long and short together')
    parser.add_argument('-b', action="store", help='Short alone')
    
    print(parser.parse_args(['-h']))
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_conflict_handler_resolve2.py
    
    usage: argparse_conflict_handler_resolve2.py [-h] [-a A]
                                                 [--long-b LONG_B]
                                                 [-b B]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help       show this help message and exit
      -a A
      --long-b LONG_B  Long and short together
      -b B             Short alone
    

    参数分组

    默认有可选参数和必选参数组。

    argparse_default_grouping.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Short sample app')
    
    parser.add_argument('--optional', action="store_true",
                        default=False)
    parser.add_argument('positional', action="store")
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_default_grouping.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_default_grouping.py [-h] [--optional] positional
    
    Short sample app
    
    positional arguments:
      positional
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      --optional
    

    前面的用户名和密码就可以分组:

    argparse_parent_with_group.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
    
    group = parser.add_argument_group('authentication')
    
    group.add_argument('--user', action="store")
    group.add_argument('--password', action="store")
    

    argparse_uses_parent_with_group.py

    
    import argparse
    import argparse_parent_with_group
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        parents=[argparse_parent_with_group.parser],
    )
    
    parser.add_argument('--local-arg',
                        action="store_true",
                        default=False)
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_uses_parent_with_group.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_uses_parent_with_group.py [-h] [--user USER]
                                              [--password PASSWORD]
                                              [--local-arg]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help           show this help message and exit
      --local-arg
    
    authentication:
      --user USER
      --password PASSWORD
    
    

    互斥选项

    使用add_mutually_exclusive_group()可以添加互斥选项:

    argparse_mutually_exclusive.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group.add_argument('-a', action='store_true')
    group.add_argument('-b', action='store_true')
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_mutually_exclusive.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_mutually_exclusive.py [-h] [-a | -b]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help  show this help message and exit
      -a
      -b
    
    $ python3 argparse_mutually_exclusive.py -a
    
    Namespace(a=True, b=False)
    
    $ python3 argparse_mutually_exclusive.py -b
    
    Namespace(a=False, b=True)
    
    $ python3 argparse_mutually_exclusive.py -a -b
    
    usage: argparse_mutually_exclusive.py [-h] [-a | -b]
    argparse_mutually_exclusive.py: error: argument -b: not allowed
    with argument -a
    

    嵌套解析

    argparse_subparsers.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help='commands')
    
    # A list command
    list_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
        'list', help='List contents')
    list_parser.add_argument(
        'dirname', action='store',
        help='Directory to list')
    
    # A create command
    create_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
        'create', help='Create a directory')
    create_parser.add_argument(
        'dirname', action='store',
        help='New directory to create')
    create_parser.add_argument(
        '--read-only', default=False, action='store_true',
        help='Set permissions to prevent writing to the directory',
    )
    
    # A delete command
    delete_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
        'delete', help='Remove a directory')
    delete_parser.add_argument(
        'dirname', action='store', help='The directory to remove')
    delete_parser.add_argument(
        '--recursive', '-r', default=False, action='store_true',
        help='Remove the contents of the directory, too',
    )
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_subparsers.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_subparsers.py [-h] {list,create,delete} ...
    
    positional arguments:
      {list,create,delete}  commands
        list                List contents
        create              Create a directory
        delete              Remove a directory
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    
    $ python3 argparse_subparsers.py create -h
    
    usage: argparse_subparsers.py create [-h] [--read-only] dirname
    
    positional arguments:
      dirname      New directory to create
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help   show this help message and exit
      --read-only  Set permissions to prevent writing to the directo
    ry
    
    $ python3 argparse_subparsers.py delete -r foo
    
    Namespace(dirname='foo', recursive=True)
    
    
    

    高级参数处理

    可变参数:数字N代表N的参数,?0或者1个参数。*0或者多个参数。+1或者多个参数。

    argparse_nargs.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument('--three', nargs=3)
    parser.add_argument('--optional', nargs='?')
    parser.add_argument('--all', nargs='*', dest='all')
    parser.add_argument('--one-or-more', nargs='+')
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_nargs.py [-h] [--three THREE THREE THREE]
                    [--optional [OPTIONAL]]
                    [--all [ALL [ALL ...]]]
                    [--one-or-more ONE_OR_MORE [ONE_OR_MORE ...]]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --three THREE THREE THREE
      --optional [OPTIONAL]
      --all [ALL [ALL ...]]
      --one-or-more ONE_OR_MORE [ONE_OR_MORE ...]
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=None, optional=None, three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --three
    
    usage: argparse_nargs.py [-h] [--three THREE THREE THREE]
                    [--optional [OPTIONAL]]
                    [--all [ALL [ALL ...]]]
                    [--one-or-more ONE_OR_MORE [ONE_OR_MORE ...]]
    argparse_nargs.py: error: argument --three: expected 3
    argument(s)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --three a b c
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=None, optional=None,
    three=['a', 'b', 'c'])
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --optional
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=None, optional=None, three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --optional with_value
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=None, optional='with_value',
    three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --all with multiple values
    
    Namespace(all=['with', 'multiple', 'values'], one_or_more=None,
    optional=None, three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --one-or-more with_value
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=['with_value'], optional=None,
    three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --one-or-more with multiple values
    
    Namespace(all=None, one_or_more=['with', 'multiple', 'values'],
    optional=None, three=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_nargs.py --one-or-more
    
    usage: argparse_nargs.py [-h] [--three THREE THREE THREE]
                    [--optional [OPTIONAL]]
                    [--all [ALL [ALL ...]]]
                    [--one-or-more ONE_OR_MORE [ONE_OR_MORE ...]]
    argparse_nargs.py: error: argument --one-or-more: expected
    at least one argument
    

    参数类型

    argparse_type.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument('-i', type=int)
    parser.add_argument('-f', type=float)
    parser.add_argument('--file', type=open)
    
    try:
        print(parser.parse_args())
    
    except IOError as msg:
        parser.error(str(msg))
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py -i 1
    
    Namespace(f=None, file=None, i=1)
    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py -f 3.14
    
    Namespace(f=3.14, file=None, i=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py --file argparse_type.py
    
    Namespace(f=None, file=<_io.TextIOWrapper
    name='argparse_type.py' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>, i=None)
    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py -i a
    
    usage: argparse_type.py [-h] [-i I] [-f F] [--file FILE]
    argparse_type.py: error: argument -i: invalid int value: 'a'
    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py -f 3.14.15
    
    usage: argparse_type.py [-h] [-i I] [-f F] [--file FILE]
    argparse_type.py: error: argument -f: invalid float value:
    '3.14.15'
    
    $ python3 argparse_type.py --file does_not_exist.txt
    
    usage: argparse_type.py [-h] [-i I] [-f F] [--file FILE]
    argparse_type.py: error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory:
    'does_not_exist.txt'
    
    

    Choices可以指定参数的选项:

    argparse_choices.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument(
        '--mode',
        choices=('read-only', 'read-write'),
    )
    
    print(parser.parse_args())
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_choices.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_choices.py [-h] [--mode {read-only,read-write}]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --mode {read-only,read-write}
    
    $ python3 argparse_choices.py --mode read-only
    
    Namespace(mode='read-only')
    
    $ python3 argparse_choices.py --mode invalid
    
    usage: argparse_choices.py [-h] [--mode {read-only,read-write}]
    argparse_choices.py: error: argument --mode: invalid choice:
    'invalid' (choose from 'read-only', 'read-write')
    
    

    文件参数

    argparse_FileType.py

    
    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument('-i', metavar='in-file',
                        type=argparse.FileType('rt'))
    parser.add_argument('-o', metavar='out-file',
                        type=argparse.FileType('wt'))
    
    try:
        results = parser.parse_args()
        print('Input file:', results.i)
        print('Output file:', results.o)
    except IOError as msg:
        parser.error(str(msg))
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_FileType.py -h
    
    usage: argparse_FileType.py [-h] [-i in-file] [-o out-file]
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help   show this help message and exit
      -i in-file
      -o out-file
    
    $ python3 argparse_FileType.py -i argparse_FileType.py -o tmp_\
    file.txt
    
    Input file: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='argparse_FileType.py'
    mode='rt' encoding='UTF-8'>
    Output file: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='tmp_file.txt' mode='wt'
    encoding='UTF-8'>
    
    $ python3 argparse_FileType.py -i no_such_file.txt
    
    usage: argparse_FileType.py [-h] [-i in-file] [-o out-file]
    argparse_FileType.py: error: argument -i: can't open
    'no_such_file.txt': [Errno 2] No such file or directory:
    'no_such_file.txt'
    
    

    自定义action

    自定义action是argparse.Action的子类可以处理add_argument中的参数定义相关的参数,并返回一个可调用对象。构造函数会处理参数定义,仅仅需要处理call函数。call函数中parser代表解释器,namespace用于返回解释结果,value为要处理的参数,option_string用于触发action(对可选参数,永远是None。

    argparse_custom_action.py

    
    import argparse
    
    
    class CustomAction(argparse.Action):
        def __init__(self,
                     option_strings,
                     dest,
                     nargs=None,
                     const=None,
                     default=None,
                     type=None,
                     choices=None,
                     required=False,
                     help=None,
                     metavar=None):
            argparse.Action.__init__(self,
                                     option_strings=option_strings,
                                     dest=dest,
                                     nargs=nargs,
                                     const=const,
                                     default=default,
                                     type=type,
                                     choices=choices,
                                     required=required,
                                     help=help,
                                     metavar=metavar,
                                     )
            print('Initializing CustomAction')
            for name, value in sorted(locals().items()):
                if name == 'self' or value is None:
                    continue
                print('  {} = {!r}'.format(name, value))
            print()
            return
    
        def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values,
                     option_string=None):
            print('Processing CustomAction for {}'.format(self.dest))
            print('  parser = {}'.format(id(parser)))
            print('  values = {!r}'.format(values))
            print('  option_string = {!r}'.format(option_string))
    
            # Do some arbitrary processing of the input values
            if isinstance(values, list):
                values = [v.upper() for v in values]
            else:
                values = values.upper()
            # Save the results in the namespace using the destination
            # variable given to our constructor.
            setattr(namespace, self.dest, values)
            print()
    
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    
    parser.add_argument('-a', action=CustomAction)
    parser.add_argument('-m', nargs='*', action=CustomAction)
    
    results = parser.parse_args(['-a', 'value',
                                 '-m', 'multivalue',
                                 'second'])
    print(results)
    

    执行结果

    
    $ python3 argparse_custom_action.py
    
    Initializing CustomAction
      dest = 'a'
      option_strings = ['-a']
      required = False
    
    Initializing CustomAction
      dest = 'm'
      nargs = '*'
      option_strings = ['-m']
      required = False
    
    Processing CustomAction for a
      parser = 4315836992
      values = 'value'
      option_string = '-a'
    
    Processing CustomAction for m
      parser = 4315836992
      values = ['multivalue', 'second']
      option_string = '-m'
    
    Namespace(a='VALUE', m=['MULTIVALUE', 'SECOND'])
    

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