turgor
The condition in a plant cell when its vacuole is distended with water, pushing the protoplast against the cell wall. In this condition the force causing water to enter the cell by osmosis is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure that has built up in the cell sap due to the pressure exerted by the cell wall on the protoplast.
Turgidity assists in maintaining the rigidity of plants; a decrease in turgidity leads to wilting. Compare plasmolysis.
植物细胞中液泡被水膨胀，将原生质体推向细胞壁的情况。在这种情况下，通过渗透使水进入细胞的力被由于细胞壁对原生质体施加的压力而在细胞液中建立的静水压力所平衡。
膨压有助于保持植物的刚性；膨压的减少会导致枯萎。参见质壁分离。
pressure potential
Symbol Ψp. The component of water potential due to the hydrostatic pressure that is exerted on water in a cell. In turgid plant cells it usually has a positive value as the entry of water causes the protoplast to push against the cell wall (see turgor). In xylem cells there is a negative pressure potential, or tension, as a result of transpiration. Water at atmospheric pressure has a pressure potential of zero.
由于细胞中的水受到静水压力的影响而产生的水势。在膨胀的植物细胞中，它通常具有正值，因为水的进入导致原生质体推压细胞壁。在木质部细胞中，由于蒸腾作用，存在一种负的压力势，或张力。大气压力下的水的压力势为零。
glycosylation
In general, the addition of a carbohydrate moiety to a protein or lipid is referred to as glycosylation.
通常，将碳水化合物部分添加到蛋白质或脂质中称为糖基化。
The process of protein glycosylation is considered the most complicated but ubiquitous modification of secretory proteins. The main types of glycosylation are N-, O-, P-, S- and C-glycosylation, referring to the atom which is involved in the glycosidic linkage. However, N- and O-glycosylation are the most abundant in plants. It is estimated that approximately 50% of all proteins are glycoproteins, of which the majority is N-glycosylated. The presence or absence of N- and O-glycans on glycoproteins has been shown to influence a proteins’ activity, stability and functionality to a large extent, and plays a critical role in cellular signaling, molecular trafficking, plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses.
蛋白质糖基化过程被认为是分泌蛋白中最复杂但普遍存在的修饰。糖基化的主要类型是N-、O-、P-、S-和C-糖基化，指的是参与糖苷键的原子。然而，N-和O-糖基化在植物中含量最高。据估计，大约50%的蛋白质是糖蛋白，其中大多数是N-糖基化的。糖蛋白上N-和O-聚糖的存在或不存在已被证明在很大程度上影响蛋白质的活性、稳定性和功能，并在细胞信号传导、分子运输、植物发育和对生物和非生物胁迫的适应中发挥关键作用。
Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic organs which fulfil many essential functions. Cell walls are built up of O-glycosidic biomolecules, grouped in cellulose, pectic polysaccharides, hemicellulose polysaccharides and lignin. Pectin and lignin are unique to the primary cell wall and secondary cell wall, respectively, and the specific composition of the cell wall varies between different plant species.
植物细胞壁是一种复杂而动态的器官，具有许多基本功能。细胞壁由O-糖苷类生物分子组成，分为纤维素、果胶多糖、半纤维素多糖和木质素。果胶和木质素分别是初级细胞壁和次级细胞壁所特有的，不同植物的细胞壁的具体组成不同。
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