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以太坊区块链搭建

以太坊区块链搭建

作者: 花椒配大料 | 来源:发表于2018-04-20 10:54 被阅读0次

    如何安装

    sudo apt-get update
    
    sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
    
    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
    
    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev
    
    sudo apt-get update
    
    sudo apt-get install ethereum
    

    查看安装好的geth版本号

    wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt$ geth version
    
    Geth
    Version: 1.8.4-stable
    Git Commit: 2423ae01e0d2f853512eb2b46954b5ad0754a897
    Architecture: amd64
    Protocol Versions: [63 62]
    Network Id: 1
    Go Version: go1.10
    Operating System: linux
    GOPATH=
    GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.10
    

    开始创建以太坊私有链

    初始化一个创世区块

    初始化创世区块时,要先创建一个genesis.json文件,内容如下:
    genesis.json:

    {
      "config": {
            "chainId": 10,
            "homesteadBlock": 0,
            "eip155Block": 0,
            "eip158Block": 0
        },
      "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "difficulty" : "0x20000",
      "extraData"  : "",
      "gasLimit"   : "0x2fefd8",
      "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
      "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "timestamp"  : "0x00",
      "alloc"      : {}
    }
    
    参数名 参数描述
    mixhash 与nonce配合用于挖矿,由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。
    ------ --------
    nonce nonce就是一个64位随机数,用于挖矿,注意他和mixhash的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。
    ------ --------
    difficulty 设置当前区块的难度,如果难度过大,cpu挖矿就很难,这里设置较小难度
    ------ --------
    alloc 用来预置账号以及账号的以太币数量,因为私有链挖矿比较容易,所以我们不需要预置有币的账号,需要的时候自己创建即可以。
    ------ --------
    coinbase 矿工的账号,随便填
    ------ --------
    timestamp 设置创世块的时间戳
    ------ --------
    parentHash 上一个区块的hash值,因为是创世块,所以这个值是0
    ------ --------
    extraData 附加信息,随便填,可以填你的个性信息
    ------ --------
    gasLimit 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制,用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和,因为我们是私有链,所以填最大。
    ------ --------

    接下来,我们使用geth init ./genesis.json --datadir "./chain"命令,来进行创世区块的初始化,当前区块链网络数据存放的位置会保存在chain目录中:

    wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ geth init ./genesis.json --datadir "./chain"
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/opt/born/chain/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Writing custom genesis block 
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=1.845µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                      hash=5e1fc7…d790e0
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/opt/born/chain/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Writing custom genesis block 
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.16µs  gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
    INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                      hash=5e1fc7…d790e0
    
    
    

    启用私有链

    geth \
      --datadir "./chain" \
      --nodiscover \
      console 2>>eth_output.log
    
    

    启动后的效果如下:

    wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ geth \
    >   --datadir "./chain" \
    >   --nodiscover \
    >   console 2>>eth_output.log
    Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
    
    instance: Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10
     modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
    
    
    参数名称 参数描述
    datadir 设置当前区块链网络数据存放的位置
    ---- ----
    console 启动命令行模式,可以在Geth中执行命令
    ---- ----
    nodiscover 私有链地址,不会被网上看到

    在当前目录执行tail -f eth_output.log,可以看到输出日志。

    wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ tail -f eth_output.log
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/wangzhen/.ethash      count=2
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=1
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Starting P2P networking 
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/opt/born/chain/geth.ipc
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Database deduplication successful        deduped=0
    INFO [04-19|16:18:29] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0"
    
    
    

    后面章节中的命令,都是在启动私有链后的Geth javascript console中操作

    帐户的添加和查看

    查看帐户,可以看到当前帐户是空的

    
    > web3.eth.accounts
    []
    > 
    
    

    创建帐户的方式有两种,第一种创建帐户时直接初始化密码

    > web3.personal.newAccount("123456")
    "0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f"
    
    
    

    其中返回的0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f是帐户,123456是帐户的密码

    第二种方法是先创建账户,然后输入密码

    
    > web3.personal.newAccount()
    Passphrase: 
    Repeat passphrase: 
    "0xd7b8a838f947adb4da47fa7208a2c177cfed6ab3"
    
    

    这时我们再查看帐户,能够看到刚才创建的两个帐户已经存在了

    > web3.eth.accounts
    ["0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f", "0xd7b8a838f947adb4da47fa7208a2c177cfed6ab3"]
    
    
    开始挖矿和停止挖矿

    挖矿执行以下命令:

     miner.start()
    

    执行以后,通过刚才查看日志的方法tail -f eth_output.log,能够看到类似下面的日志,因为只有发送交易才会自动挖矿,所以会显示如下信息。

    INFO [04-19|16:30:08] Commit new mining work                   number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=175.12µs
    INFO [04-19|16:30:16] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=6.662s
    INFO [04-19|16:30:23] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=12.780s
    INFO [04-19|16:30:29] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=19.418s
    INFO [04-19|16:30:35] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=24.970s
    
    
    

    需要在开发环境下,才能进行挖矿,修改上述命令为:

    geth   --datadir "./chaindev"   --nodiscover    console 2>>eth_output.log  --dev --dev.period 1
    
    

    挖矿执行以下命令:

     miner.start()
    

    出现如下信息代表开始挖矿了

    INFO [04-19|16:57:28] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 hash=eb3609…3747ef
    INFO [04-19|16:57:28] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=1 hash=eb3609…3747ef
    INFO [04-19|16:57:28] Commit new mining work                   number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=417.68µs
    
    

    挖矿会默认保存到创建的第一个帐户0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4中。
    block number=66,说明我们已经创建了66个区块
    在以太坊官方的网络上,平均每15秒产生一个区块

    停止挖矿执行以下命令:

    
    > miner.stop()
    true
    
    

    停止挖矿后,以太币则不会产生,同样智能合约、转帐等操作也不会起作用。

    查看帐户余额

    查看帐户余额的方法如下:

    > web3.eth.getBalance("0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4")
    1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+77
    
    

    以太币最小的单位是wei(18个0)

    每次记一长串的地址很麻烦,我们可以通过设置变量来acc0表示帐户1

    > acc0 = web3.eth.accounts[0]
    
    "0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4"
    
    

    查看格式化的以太币

    web3.fromWei(web3.eth.getBalance(acc0), 'ether')
    1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59
    

    因为geth javascript console是基于javascript的,所以也可以创建js函数,查看所有帐户余额

    
    > function checkAllBalances() {
          var totalBal = 0;
          for (var acctNum in eth.accounts) {
             var acct = eth.accounts[acctNum];
             var acctBal = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(acct), "ether");
              totalBal += parseFloat(acctBal);
              console.log("  eth.accounts[" + acctNum + "]: \t" + acct + " \tbalance: " + acctBal + " ether");
          }
          console.log("  Total balance: " + totalBal + " ether");
      };
    
    > checkAllBalances()
      eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59 ether
      eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 0 ether
      Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether
    
    > 
    
    

    如果命令较多,可以保存到一个脚本里,使用命令载入脚本:loadScript('/path/script/here.js')

    转帐操作

    从帐户0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4转3个以太币到0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13,如果不指定单位ether,默认转的是wei。

    >web3.eth.sendTransaction({from:acc0,to:acc1,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})
    Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
        at web3.js:3104:20
        at web3.js:6191:15
        at web3.js:5004:36
        at <anonymous>:1:1
    
    

    当直接执行此方法时会抛出异常,显示帐号被锁

    执行开发者模式,创建的默认账户,不会报这个错误
    如果报相关错误,执行以下语句

    > web3.personal.unlockAccount(acc0,"123456")
    true
    

    转账完成的正确显示为:

    web3.eth.sendTransaction({from:acc0,to:acc1,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})
    "0x1c59a753ecd2efd7e916912df7bd8ae2973379df23024de9a3cee6ceb242b611"
    
    

    但此时查看时会发现接收账户依旧为原来数值。此时需要执行挖矿命令,才会把转账真正完成。

    > checkAllBalances()
      eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59 ether
      eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 0 ether
      Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether
    undefined
    > miner.start()
    null
    > checkAllBalances()
      eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039451584007913129639927e+59 ether
      eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 6 ether
      Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether
    undefined
    > miner.stop()
    true
    
    

    这里看到转账了6个币,是因为我执行了两次:)

    添加节点

    首先要知道自己的节点信息,在Geth命令行界面下输入命令,注意大小写

    admin.nodeInfo
    

    显示结果为:

    > admin.nodeInfo
    {
      enode: "enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0",
      id: "5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09",
      ip: "::",
      listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
      name: "Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10",
      ports: {
        discovery: 0,
        listener: 30303
      },
      protocols: {
        eth: {
          config: {
            chainId: 10,
            eip150Hash: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
            eip155Block: 0,
            eip158Block: 0,
            homesteadBlock: 0
          },
          difficulty: 131072,
          genesis: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
          head: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
          network: 1
        }
      }
    }
    
    

    其中

     enode: "enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0"
     
    

    就是自己节点的信息,注意要把“0.0.0.0“换成你自己的IP。将这个信息发送给其他节点,在其他节点的命令行中输入:

    admin.addPeer("enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@192.168.1.121:30303?discport=0")
    
    

    如果添加成功,输入admin.peers会显示出新添加的节点。

    > admin.peers
    [{
        caps: ["eth/63"],
        id: "5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09",
        name: "Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10",
        network: {
          inbound: false,
          localAddress: "192.168.1.112:42702",
          remoteAddress: "192.168.1.121:30303",
          static: true,
          trusted: false
        },
        protocols: {
          eth: {
            difficulty: 131072,
            head: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
            version: 63
          }
        }
    }]
    > 
    
    

    发送交易

    解锁账户

    > personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0])
    
    
    Unlock account 0x20869f8cb579e7712f60167d3d153d3f038960c9
    Passphrase: 
    true
    
    

    发送交易

    > eth.sendTransaction({from: "0x20869f8cb579e7712f60167d3d153d3f038960c9", to: "0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f", gas:31000, 'gasPrice': web3.toWei(300, 'gwei'), "value": "1"})
    "0xe4ecfa81d367d2906e87a0f45b5bb90a0424f58bbd74d896ef217f3d5f132533"
    

    此时交易已经提交到区块链,返回了交易的hash,但还未被处理,要使交易被处理,必须要挖矿。

    交易成功后再对方账户上收到

    > web3.fromWei(web3.eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))
    5.006300000000000001
    
    

    参考资料

    使用 Go-Ethereum 1.7.2搭建以太坊私有链
    以太坊执行miner.start返回null终极解决方案
    Geth官方安装指南
    以太坊私链demo,实现第一笔交易
    以太坊中的账户、交易、Gas和区块Gas Limit

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