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JavaScript面向对象设计

JavaScript面向对象设计

作者: duJing | 来源:发表于2017-03-22 09:34 被阅读32次

    一、理解对象
        1.创建
            ①构造函数   new Object
            ②对象字面量  var o = {};
        2.属性类型
            ①数据属性,对象属性有4个属性特征,默认都为true,可以通过Object.defineProperty()来修改属性特征
                a.[[Configurable]]  表示能否通过delete删除重新定义,能否修改属性的特征,能否修改为访问权属性
                b.[[Enumerable]]    表示能否通过for-in枚举
                c.[[Writable]]      表示能否修改属性的值
                d.[[Value]]         表示属性值
                eg:
                    var o = {
                        name : [1, 2, 3]
                    }
                    Object.defineProperty(o, "name", {
                        configurable : false,       // 不能delete,不能修改,不能设置为访问器属性
                        enumerable : false,         // 不能枚举
                        writable :  false,          // 不能修改
                        value :     [100, 200]      // 把值变成[100, 200]
                    });
                    // for(var v in o.name) {
                        // alert(o.name[v]); // 100, 200, 能枚举
                    // }
                    alert(o.propertyIsEnumerable("name"));      // false
                    // o.name = "li";
                    // alert(o.name); // 100, 200 不能修改
                    // delete o.name;
                    // alert(o.name); // 100, 200 不能删除
            ②访问器属性,4个访问器属性特征,可以通过Object.defineProperty()来修改属性特征
                a.[[Configurable]]  表示能否通过delete删除重新定义,能否修改属性的特征,能否修改为访问权属性
                b.[[Enumerable]]    表示能否通过for-in枚举
                c.[[Get]]           表示在读取属性时调用的函数,默认为undefined
                d.[[Set]]           表示在设置属性时调用的函数,默认为undefined
                eg:
                    var o = {
                        name : [1, 2, 3]
                    }
                    Object.defineProperty(o, "name", {
                        get : function () {
                            alert("get");
                        },
                        set : function() {
                            alert("set");
                        }
                    });
                    o.name = "li";      // set,设置name值时,自动调用o.set()
                    o.name;             // get,读取name时,自动调用o.get()
            ③定义多个属性 Object.defineProperties()来同时定义多个属性
                eg:
                    var o = {}
                    Object.defineProperties(o, {
                        name : {
                            configurable : false,
                            value : "zhang"
                        },
                        age : {
                            get : function () {
                                alert("get");
                            },
                            set : function() {
                                alert("set");
                            }
                        }
                    });
                    alert(o.name);          // zhang
                    o.age;                  // get
                    o.age = "li";           // set
            ④读取属性的特征    Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(objectName, propertyName)
                eg:
                    var o = {}
                    Object.defineProperties(o, {
                        age : {
                            get : function () {
                                alert("get");
                            },
                            set : function() {
                                alert("set");
                            }
                        }
                    });
                    var descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o, "age");
                    for(var v in descriptor) {
                        alert(v + " = " + descriptor[v]);       // 弹出访问器属性的4个属性特征
                    }
    二、创建对象
        1.工厂模式         
            ①抽象了创建对象的具体过程
                eg:
                    function createObject (name, age) {
                    var object = new Object();
                    object.name = name;
                    object.age = age;
                    object.sayName = function () {
                        return object.name;
                    }
                    return object;
                }
                var p1 = createObject("zhang", 23);
                var p2 = createObject("li", 33);
                alert(p1.sayName());        // zhang
                alert(p2.sayName());        // li
                // 无法识别p1和p2
                alert(p1);                  // [object Object]
                alert(p2);                  // [object Object]
            ②弊端     没有解决对象识别的问题
            ③解决方法   构造函数模型
        2.构造函数模式
            ①创建模式
                eg:
                    function Person(name, age) {
                        this.name = name;
                        this.age = age;
                        this.getName = function () {
                            return this.name;
                        }
                    }
                    var p1 = new Person("zhang", 34);
                    var p2 = new Person("li", 23);
                    alert(p1.getName());        // zhang
                    alert(p2.getName());        // li
                    alert(p1 instanceof Person);        // true
                    alert(p2 instanceof Person);        // true, 解决了工厂模式的对象识别问题
            ②问题 每个方法都要在每个实例上创建一遍,从而形成不同的作用域链,从而导致不相同
                eg: alert(p1.getName == p2.getName);        // false
                我们也可以将方法部分提取到构造函数之外,但这样就没有什么封装性可言了。
                eg:
                    function Person(name, age) {
                        this.name = name;
                        this.age = age;
                        this.getName = getName;
                    }
                    function getName () {
                        return this.name;
                    }
            ③解决方法   原型模型
        3.原型模式
            ①创建模式   原型对象(构造函数的prototype属性指向它)的好处:可以让所有对象实例共享它包含属性和方法
                eg:
                    function Person(name, age) {
                        this.name = name;
                        this.age = age;
                    }
                    Person.prototype.getName = function () {
                        return this.name;
                    }
                    var p1 = new Person("zhang", 34);
                    var p2 = new Person("li", 23);
                    alert(p1.getName == p2.getName);    // true,解决了方法共享的问题
            ②理解原型  
                    a.函数Person.prototype指向原型
                    b.Person.prototype.constructor指回构造函数
                    c.p1、p2的prototype指向原型,且可调用原型中的方法,用Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(p1)判断,也可以用Object.getPrototypeOf(p1)来获取原型
                    d.我们可以用原型访问属性的值,但是不能通过实例重写原型的值,因为对象实例的值会屏蔽原型属性的值。当我们用实例对象重写了原型中的值,只有删除实例对象的值,才能访问原型属性的值。
                    e.同样我们可以通过[实例.hasOwnProperty(propertyName)]来检测实例是否定义了自己的属性值
                        eg:
                            function Person() {}
                            Person.prototype.name = "zhang";
                            Person.prototype.getName = function () {
                                return this.name;
                            }
                            var p1 = new Person();
                            alert(p1.name);     // zhang
                            p1.name = "li";
                            alert(p1.name);     // li,实例中的值覆盖了原型中的值
                            alert(p1.hasOwnProperty("name"));   // 判断实例p1是否定义了自己的属性name的值,true
                            delete p1.name;     // 删除实例对象中的属性值
                            alert(p1.name);     // zhang
            ③原型与in操作符      
                a.无论是属性值存在于原型中,还是实例对象中都返回true
                    eg:
                        function Person() {}
                        Person.prototype.name = "zhang";
                        Person.prototype.getName = function () {
                            return this.name;
                        }
                        // 判断是否为原型中的属性
                        function hasPrototypeProperty(object, propertyName) {
                            return propertyName in object && !object.hasOwnProperty(propertyName);
                        }
                        var p1 = new Person();
                        p1.name = "li";
                        alert(hasPrototypeProperty(p1, "name"));    // false
                        delete p1.name;
                        alert(hasPrototypeProperty(p1, "name"));    // true
                b.枚举所有可枚举的属性和方法,用Object.key(原型/实例)
                    eg:
                        function Person() {}
                        Person.prototype.name = "zhang";
                        Person.prototype.age = 11;
                        Person.prototype.getName = function () {
                            return this.name;
                        }
                        alert(Object.keys(Person.prototype));   // 枚举原型中的属性和方法
                        var p1 = new Person();
                        p1.name = "li";
                        p1.getName = function () {}             // 枚举实例对象中的属性和方法
                        alert(Object.keys(p1));
                c.枚举所有的属性和方法,无论是否隐藏,用hasOwnPropertyNames(原型);
                    eg: alert(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person));  // prototype,length,name
            ④更简单的原型方法
                a.源码
                eg: function Person() {}
                    Person.prototype = {
                        constructor : Person,
                        name : "zhang",
                        getName : function () {}
                    }
                b.问题    这样做可能会导致原型中的constructor属性的[Enumerable]为true,默认为false
                c.解决方法  用Object.defineProperty()方法重新定义
                    eg: Object.defineProperty(Person.prototype, constructor, { enumerable : false});
                e.实例化对象一定要后于对象的定义完毕
            ⑤原型对象的问题        共享性,针对方法很好,针对属性也说的过去,但是针对那些包含了引用类型则不可
                eg:
                    function Person() {}
                    Person.prototype = {
                        constructor : Person,
                        friends : [1, 2]        // 引用类型
                    }
                    var p1 = new Person();
                    var p2 = new Person();
                    p1.friends.push(3);
                    alert(p1.friends);
                    alert(p2.friends);      // 同时返回1,2,3
            ⑥解决方法   取长补短,用构造函数模式定义属性,用原型模式定义方法
        3.组合构造模式和原型模式
            ①模式 取长补短,用构造函数模式定义属性,用原型模式定义方法
            eg:
                function Person(name) {
                    this.name = name;
                    this.friends = [1, 2]       // 引用类型
                }
                Person.prototype = {
                    constructor : Person,
                    name : "zhang",
                }
                var p1 = new Person("li");
                var p2 = new Person("wang");
                p1.friends.push(3);
                alert(p1.friends);      // 1,2,3
                alert(p2.friends);      // 1,2
            ②小问题        感觉构造函数和原型分离,破坏了封装性
            ③解决方法   使用动态原型模式
        4.动态原型模式(基本完美)      将原型中方法封装到构造函数中去
            eg:
                function Person(name) {
                    this.name = name;
                    this.friends = [1, 2];      // 引用类型
                    if (typeof this.getName != "function") {
                        Person.prototype.getName = {
                            return this.name;
                        }
                    }
                }
        5.寄生构造模式
            ①基本思想:创建一个函数(对象),该函数用来封装代码,然后返回函数(对象)
            ②模式
                eg:
                    function Person(name, age) {
                        var o = new Object();
                        o.name = name;
                        o.age = age;
                        o.getName = function () {
                            return o.name;
                        };
                        return o;
                    }
                    var p1 = new Person("zhang", 34);
                    alert(p1.getName());        // zhang
                    alert(p1 instanceof Person);// false
            ③问题:由于实例对象和构造函数完全分离,因此无法识别对象
            ④案例:对于Array类型,我们可能在特殊情况在,对它进行添加属性和方法
                eg:
                    function NewArray() {
                        var array = new Array();
                        array.push.apply(array, arguments);
                        array.addFun = function () {
                            return this.join("|");
                        }
                        return array;
                    }
                    var a1 = new NewArray("zhang", 22);
                    alert(a1.addFun());     // zhang|22
        6.稳妥构造函数模型      没有公共属性,不使用this和new,只能定义获取值的方法
            ①用途:安全性
            ②源码
                eg:
                    function Person(name, age) {
                        var o = new Object();
                        o.getName = function () {
                            return name;
                        }
                        return o;
                    }
                    var p = Person("zhang", 3);
                    p.name = 'li';          // 无效
                    alert(p.getName());     // zhang
            ③特点 函数名首字母大写、对象里只定义方法且不用this、实例化时不用new
            ④问题:由于实例对象和构造函数完全分离,因此无法识别对象
    三、继承
        1.原型链
            ①将父类的实例赋值给子类的原型。因为父类的实例指向父类的原型,因此子类的原型也指向父类的原型。
            ②基本源码:
                eg:
                    function SuperType(){
                        this.property = true;
                    }
                    SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
                        return this.property;
                    };
                    function SubType(){
                        this.subproperty = false;
                    }
                    //继承了SuperType
                    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();    // 将父类的实例赋值给子类的原型
                    SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
                        return this.subproperty;
                    };
                    var instance = new SubType();
                    alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //true,调用父类SuperType的方法getSuperValue()
            ③别忘记了父类同样基础了祖类Object
            ③确定原型和实例的关系 用instanceof和对象.isPrototypeOf(实例)
            ④在子类重新或者添加父类的方法时,必须要在父类定义之后
            ⑤原型链的问题 原型链中不能存在引用类型
                eg:
                    function SuperType(){
                        this.friends = [1,2];
                    }
                    function SubType(){}
                    //继承了SuperType
                    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
                    var s1 = new SubType();
                    var s2 = new SubType();
                    s1.friends.push(3);
                    alert(s1.friends);      // 1, 2, 3
                    alert(s2.friends);      // 同上
            ⑥解决方法   借用构造函数
        2.借用构造函数    对于原型链中包含引用类型,我们可以在子类的构造函中调用父类的构造函数
            ①源码案例, 即可以使用引用类型,还可以传递参数
            eg:
                function SuperType(name){
                    this.name = name;
                    this.friends = [1,2];
                }
                function SubType(){
                    SuperType.call(this, "abc");        // 传递参数
                }
                //继承了SuperType
                SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
                var s1 = new SubType();
                var s2 = new SubType();
                s1.friends.push(3);
                alert(s1.friends);      // 1, 2, 3
                alert(s2.friends);      // 1, 2
                alert(s1.name);         // abc
            ③问题 由于是在构造函数中定义,所以方法不能够共享
            ④解决方法   组合继承
        3.组合继承(虽然两次调用了父类,但是基本ok)
            ①基本思想   将借用构造和原型链结合起来,借用构造定义属性,原型链定义方法
                eg:
                    function SuperType(name){
                        this.name = name;
                        this.friends = [1,2];
                        if (typeof this.getName != "function") {
                            SuperType.prototype.getName = function () {
                                return this.name;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    function SubType(name, age){
                        SuperType.call(this, name);             // 第二次调用父类
                        this.age = age;
                        if (typeof this.getAge != "function") {
                            SuperType.prototype.getAge = function () {
                                return this.age;
                            }
                        }  
                    }
                    //继承了SuperType
                    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();        // 第一次调用父类
                    var s1 = new SubType("zhang", 23);
                    var s2 = new SubType("li", 24);
                    s1.friends.push(3);
                    alert(s1.friends);      // 1, 2, 3
                    alert(s2.friends);      // 1, 2
                    alert(s1.getName());    // zhang
                    alert(s2.getAge());     // 24
        4.原型式继承
            ①基本思想   借助原型可以基于已有的对象创建新对象,从而不必自定义对象
                eg:
                    function object(o) {
                        function F() {};
                        F.prototype = o;
                        return new F();
                    }
                    var person = {
                        name : "zhang",
                        friends : [1, 2]
                    }
                    var p1 = object(person);
                    p1.name = "li";
                    p1.friends.push(3);
                    alert(p1.name);     // li
                    alert(p1.friends);  // 1,2,3
                    var p2 = object(person);
                    p1.name = "wang";
                    p1.friends.push(4);
                    alert(p2.name);     // wang
                    alert(p2.friends);  // 1,2,3,4
            ②ECMAScript 5发展了道格拉斯·克罗克福德的原型链继承,用Object.create()方法
                eg: 其中第二个参数和defineProperty()方法一致
                    var person = {
                        name : "zhang",
                        friends : [1, 2]
                    }
                    var p1 = Object.create(person, {
                        name : {
                            value : "zhang"
                        }
                    });
                    p1.friends.push(3);
                    alert(p1.name);     // li
                    alert(p1.friends);  // 1,2,3
                    var p2 = Object.create(person, {
                        name : {
                            value : "wang"
                        }
                    });
                    p1.friends.push(4);
                    alert(p2.name);     // wang
                    alert(p2.friends);  // 1,2,3,4
            ③问题:    原型链共享问题,引用类型
        5.寄生式继承
            ①思想 基于原型式继承,创建一个新函数对象,添加新方法
            eg:
                function object(o) {
                    function F() {};
                    F.prototype = o;
                    return new F();
                }
                function createAnother(original) {
                    // 继承原来的对象原型
                    var clone = object(original);
                    // 添加新方法
                    clone.newFun = function () {
                        return "new function";
                    }
                    return clone;
                }
                var person = {
                    name : "zhang",
                    friends : [1, 2]
                }
                var p = createAnother(person);
                alert(p.name);      // zhang
                alert(p.newFun());  // new function
            ②问题 原型链共享问题,引用类型
        6.寄生组合式继承
            ①思想 在组合继承和原型式继承的基础上,不在子类的内部调用父类的构造函数,而是创建父类原型的副本
            eg:
                function object(o) {
                    function F() {};
                    F.prototype = o;
                    return new F();
                }
                function inheritPrototype(subType, superType) {
                    // 赋值proto为superType的原型
                    var proto = object(superType.prototype);
                    // 原型的contructor属性指向构造函数
                    proto.contructor = subType;
                    // superType的构造函数指向原型
                    subType.prototype = proto;
                }
                function SuperType(name){
                    this.name = name;
                    this.friends = [1,2];
                    if (typeof this.getName != "function") {
                        SuperType.prototype.getName = function () {
                            return this.name;
                        }
                    }
                }
                inheritPrototype(SubType, SuperType);
                function SubType(name, age){
                    SuperType.call(this, name);
                    this.age = age;
                    if (typeof this.getAge != "function") {
                        SuperType.prototype.getAge = function () {
                            return this.age;
                        }
                    }  
                }
                var s1 = new SubType("zhang", 23);
                var s2 = new SubType("li", 24);
                s1.friends.push(3);
                alert(s1.friends);      // 1, 2, 3
                alert(s2.friends);      // 1, 2
                alert(s1.getName());    // zhang
                alert(s2.getAge());     // 24










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