记录一下对Handler中常见的几个问题的理解
- 1、Handler内存泄漏原因以及解决方案
- 2、为什么不能在子线程创建Handler
- 3、new Handler()两种写法的区别
- 4、ThreadLocal用法和原理
问题1：Handler内存泄漏原因以及解决方案
这个问题是面试的时候高频考点，什么场景下会内存泄漏？造成的原因是什么？如何解决？
通过下面这个例子来模拟一下Handler引起内存泄漏场景
public class HandlerTestActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
startActivity(new Intent(HandlerTestActivity.this, LoginActivity.class));
}
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler_test);
test();
}
private void test() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Message msg = new Message();
//模拟网络请求等耗时操作，休眠3秒的时候双击返回键销毁当前activity
SystemClock.sleep(3000);
msg.what = 1;
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}).start();
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if (mHandler != null) {
mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
}
Log.d("test", "activity 执行 onDestroy");
}
}
上面这段代码在子线程调用了SystemClock.sleep(3000)模拟了一些网络请求等耗时操作场景，在这3秒期间按下系统返回键销毁当前activity并成功执行了onDestroy方法清理handler的message和callback，应用退出回到桌面
按理说activity被销毁，三秒之后并不会执行handler.sendMessage，也不会再执行handleMessage里面的跳转业务。但是现实是3秒后又从桌面执行了handleMessage回调里面的跳转业务，也是就activity虽然执行了onDestory方法，但是并没有被回收
原因分析
分析Handler.class源码，当执行hanlder.sendMessage()等发送message方法，它最终都是通过enqueueMessage()这个方法将message发送到messageQueue中
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
而enqueueMessage()这个方法第一句是msg.target = this，target是Message的Handler类型的成员变量，从这一步就把handler传递到了message中，Message中对target定义如下
public final class Message implements Parcelable {
...
/*package*/ Handler target;
...
}
结论：非静态内部类持有了外部类引用
实际上这一个流程下来Message持有了Handler的引用，而Handler又持有了Activity的引用，虽然在Activity的onDestroy方法中执行了handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages置空方法，通过该方法移除messageQueue中的message，，但是因为此时还并未执行handler.sendMessage()，message还没有入队，在队列中并不能找到message并把它移除
/**
* Remove any pending posts of messages with code 'what' and whose obj is
* 'object' that are in the message queue. If <var>object</var> is null,
* all messages will be removed.
*/
public final void removeMessages(int what, Object object) {
mQueue.removeMessages(this, what, object);
}
/**
* Remove any pending posts of callbacks and sent messages whose
* <var>obj</var> is <var>token</var>. If <var>token</var> is null,
* all callbacks and messages will be removed.
*/
public final void removeCallbacksAndMessages(Object token) {
mQueue.removeCallbacksAndMessages(this, token);
}
Handler内存泄漏的解决方案
通过上面的分析，总结出内存泄漏的原因：message持有了handler，而handler持有了activity从而造成activity内存无法释放
- 解决方案1
Handler使用静态内部类，对Activity采用弱引用的持有方式
private MyHandler mHandler = new MyHandler(this);
private static class MyHandler extends Handler {
private final WeakReference<HandlerTestActivity> mActivity;
public MyHandler(HandlerTestActivity mActivity) {
this.mActivity = new WeakReference<>(mActivity);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
HandlerTestActivity activity = mActivity.get();
if (activity != null) {
activity.startActivity(new Intent(activity, LoginActivity.class));
}
}
}
- 解决方案2
个人比较推荐这种方法，代码书写简单快速，在Activity执行onDestroy方法的时候置空handler，在调用handler的地方进行非空判断，如果空就不去执行后续操作，那么message也就没有机会持有handler的引用了
private void test() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Message msg = new Message();
//模拟网络请求等耗时操作，休眠3秒的时候双击返回键销毁当前activity
SystemClock.sleep(3000);
msg.what = 1;
if (mHandler != null) {
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}
}).start();
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if (mHandler != null) {
mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
mHandler = null;
}
}
问题2：为什么不能在子线程创建Handler
先分析一下创建Handler的源码过程
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
Handelr的构造方法中Looper.myLooper()初始化了Looper对象
/**
* Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns
* null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
*/
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
最终是在ThreadLocal.get()中获取的Looper，而ThreadLocal是把Looper以键值对的性质存储到它的内部类ThreadLocalMap中的，ThreadLocalMap是以线程表示为键Looper为值存的形式
/**
* Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
* thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
* current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
* by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
*
* @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
*/
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
结论：
所以在子线程中无法直接创建Handler是因为，ThreadLocalMap<Thread,Looper>无法找到当前线程对应的Looper值，需要调用Looper.prepare，以当前线程为key在LocalThreadMap存储Map值
问题3：new Handler()两种写法的区别
先来看看new Handler()的两种写法
//写法1
private Handler mHandler1 = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
};
//写法2
private Handler mHandler2 = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
return false;
}
});
这两种写法的区别在Handler中的源码可以找到原因，当Looper从队列中获取到message转交给Handler处理时，Handler.dispatchMessage()负责处理消息的转发
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
从dispatchMessage()方法可以看出，如果有回调成员变量，则优先通过回调返回消息，其次在考虑通过方法传递
结论：优先考虑使用接口回调的方式（优先选择），其次再考虑通过方法（备胎）
问题4：ThreadLocal用法和原理
在第三个问题中得出的接了，子线程无法new Handler()是因为在LocalThreadMap中无法找到以当前Thread为Key的Looper为Value值，那马LocalThread是如何保证Looper是唯一的呢？
应用启动会在ActivityThread.main()方法中创建一个全局静态变量Looper，并已当前线程(也就是主线程)为Key，Looper为Value存储在ThreadLocalMap中，流程如下
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
...
Looper.loop();
...
}
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
从源码中ThreadLocal. prepare()方法可知，第一次(ActivityThread.mian())调用prepare方法创建Looper在设置到ThreadLocalMap，当其他子线程创建Handler时只是获取当前线程作为key更新ThreadLocalMap的key值，并没有改变Looper的值，这也解释了为什么在一个进程中只有一个Looper和在子线程创建Handle时需要先调用Looper. prepare
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