1
contaminate
: to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease; to influence people's ideas or attitudes in a bad way
v.弄脏，污染
The environment has been severely contaminated.
环境被严重地污染了。
2
fervent
: felt very strongly
adj.狂热的；热烈的，满怀热情的
They are fervent fans of the German football team.
3
strenuous
: needing great effort and energy
adj.费力的
It's a tenuous thing for him to raise the weights.
对于他来说，举起这些哑铃太费力了。
4
take to sth.(sb.)
: be fond of
phr. 养成...习惯；喜欢
The little boy really took to the girl, and now they plan together every day.
小男孩真的喜欢这女孩，如今他们每天都一起玩。
5
renovation
: the act of improving by renewing and restoring
n.修理，恢复
He helps with the house renovation by painting the walls.
他粉刷了墙壁以辅助重新装修房子。
6
postscript
: a not or series of notes added at the end of a letter, article, or book.
n.附言
The postscript at the end of the letter read, "P.S. I love you."
信的附言中写道：“附言：我爱你。”
7
snap at sb.
: utter in an angry, sharp or abrupt tone
v.对人厉声说
"Don't call this number again!" he snapped at the guy on the phone.
8
foil
: metal made into very thin sheets that is used for covering or wrapping things, especially food
n.锡箔纸；衬托
v.挫败；使受挫折
My food is wrapped in tin foil.
我的食物由锡箔纸包裹着。
9
spatial
: relating to space and the position, size, shape, etc. of things in it.
adj.空间的，关于空间的
Spatial positions can be represented using three directional coordinates.
立体坐标可以表示空间位置。
10
on and off
: not regularly
adv.断断续续地
Expect on and off thunderstorms this week.
未来一周将会间歇性雷阵雨天气。
11
hoist
: to raise or pull something up to a higher position, often using ropes or special equipment.
v.升起，吊起；向上推；
n.起重机
We use the machine to hoist the huge stone off the ground.
我们用这个机器将大石从地面吊起。
12
muster
: to gather together (a group of people, soldier, etc.) especially for batter or war
vi,集合，聚集 vt，集合，召集 n，集合，集合人员
The soldiers mustered for a new mission.
士兵们为了新的任务而集合。
13
commotion
: noisy excitement and confusion
n.骚动，动乱
The police are trying to calm the commotion by using a water-cannon.
警察正试着用高压水枪平息动乱。
14
postmortem
: an examination of a dead body to find out the cause of death
n.验尸，尸体解剖；
adj.事后的，死后的，事后检查或详论的
He is doing a postmortem of the crocodile.
他挣扎做鳄鱼的尸体解剖。
15
livestock
: the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep
n.家畜，畜牲
The livestock provide farmers with meat, milk and wool.
家畜为农夫提供肉，奶和羊毛。
16
pretentious
: having or showing the unpleasant quality of people who want to be regarded as more impressive, successful, or important than they really are
adj.做作的，自命不凡的，炫耀的
Get that pretentious look off your face! You're not cool!
别摆着一副自命不凡的样子！你一点也不酷！
17
ultimatum
: a final warning to a person or country that if they do not do what you ask, you will use force or take action against them
n.最后通牒
My teacher gave me an ultimatum: hand in your homework today, or get a zero.
18
kindle
: to start burning; to make a fire start burning; to make something such as an interest, emotion, etc. start to grow in somebody; to start to be felt by somebody
v.点燃，激起；着火；照亮；煽动
The man needs to kindle the fire to stay warm.
这个男人需要点火来保持温暖。
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