什么是格的关系紧缩(Case Relative Attraction或Relative Attraction)?
1 关于紧缩(Attraction)的一种定义
紧缩——在语言学上,是一种语言产生中的错误,将一个词在句中的语法特征(feature)误用到另一个词身上。这涉及到一致性紧缩(agreement attraction),在这种关系中,基于一致性,一个词被赋与另一个的特征。在英语中,当主谓一致性时就很容易发生,特别是在复杂的名词短词中主语和谓语被分开的情况下。也涉及到格的关系紧缩,这赋予了词基于语法角色的特征,或者是方言的格式,否定的紧缩扩展到否定的粒度。
2 关于关系紧缩(Relative Attraction) 的定义
第1种定义:格的紧缩是指关系代词(relative pronoun)承担了(被“紧缩到”)先行词(antecedent)的格,而不是它在关系从句中应该具有的专用格(proper case)的这样一个过程。
例如,下面的例子中,关系代词具有专用格——宾格(accusative):
This is the bossof the manwhomI met yesterday. (这就是我昨天见到的那个男子的老板。)
这里,[of] the man是先行词,whom代替[of] the man,在句中充当宾格(accusative)。
下面的例子是格的错用,换句话来讲,叫格的紧缩:
This is the bossof the manwhoseI met yesterday.
因为先行词[of] the man是所有格(possessive),关系代词也成了所有格(本来的格应该是宾格),关系紧缩在标准英语中仅是一个理论化的过程,但是在《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本(Septuagint)中非常普遍,在[圣经]新约全书( New Testament)中也不少见。
第2种定义:主句中的代词被赋予这个对应的关系代词本该有或者应该有的格,在关系接触从句(relative contact-clauses)中特别容易解释,而下面的例子是相对接触从句中没有的(这里似乎没有明确定义,只是通过列举例子表明和前面关系接触从句的不一样,这是Otto Jespersen对关系紧缩的定义方式。)。
上面提到关系接触从句,先看关系接触从句的定义:接触从句是一个省略掉关系代词(即that,which,whom,who,等)的关系从句且必须紧邻名词短语(所谓接触)。
例如:
He has found the key you lost yesterday. (他发现了你昨天丢失的钥匙。)省略了that
The is the boy we spoke of. (这就是我们提到的男孩。) 省略了whom
There is a man below wants to speak to
you.(下面这个男子想和你说话。) 省略了who。
下面引用了大量古文章中的例子,就是和关系接触从句中代词拥有的格不同的用法,这种就是关系紧缩的例子。
以下举的是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare.)著作中的句子:
(1) Coriolanus Act V. Scene V.(第五场第五幕,Coriolanus为人名)有:Him I accuse:the city port by this has entered。(原句是Him I accuse:The City Ports by this hath enter'd);
(2) Ant III.1.15章节有:him we serues[即serve’s] away;
(3) Ro II. 3.86 章节有:her I loue now Doth grace for grace,and loue for loue allow [最早的四开始是she whom];
(4) Hml II. 1.42章节有:him you
would sound.…be assured the closes…;
(5) As I. 1.47章节有:better
than him I am before knows mee;
(6) Tp v. 1.15,First Part
of Herry the Sixth IV. 7.75,Percy Bysshe Shelly,Poetical Works,ed. Hutchinson.Oxford 1904版,章节有:[Zastrozzi]Before
her,in the arms of death,lay formed so firm a basis;Tennyson 370 Our
noble Arthur him Ye scarce can overpraise,will hear and know;
(7) Anthony Trollope,The Duke’s
Children. Tauchnitz edition 1.161章节有:[lady wriing]I have come to be known as her whom your uncle trusted
and loved,as her whom your wife trucsted;
(8) Rider Haggard ,She. Longdon
1896(1887)年版246章节有:thou didst say that Kallikrates—him whom thou sawest dead—was thine
ancestor。
经常与it is一起使用,例如如下句子:
(1) Cristopher Marlowe,The Jew of
Malta. 1034 章节有:’Tis not thy wealth,but her that I esteeme[=I esteeme her];(‘Tis = it is)
(2) ShakeSpeare Second Part of Herry IV.
1.117( 英格兰国五Herry 5世第二部分)有:it is thee I feare;(不知是否是作者举错地方了,我在相应章节没有找到这一句。)
(3) E.A.Sonnenschein,<<A New English Grammar>>. Oxford 1921年62页有:’Tis thee(myself) that for my self I praise;
(4) Willianm M.Thackeray,The History
of Pendennis. 1 volume edition;sometmes quoted from Tauchnitz edition. 3 volumes. (1848-1850)年版1.269章节:it’s not me I’m anxious about;同样出处,3.301章节有:it is not him I want;
(5) Anthony Trollope,<<An Old Man’s Love>>Tauchnitz edition 121页有:It is her you should consult on such a matter;
(6) G.Lowes Dickinson,Letters from
Jonh Chinaman. Longdon 1904(1901)年版23页有:him it it that I wish to characterize,for he it is that is the natural and inevitable outcome of your civilization;
(7) Arnold Bennett,<<Lord Raingo>> Longdon 1926年版252页有:it’s him you’ve got to settle things with.
关于It is I的使用(以下通过举例说明,没有严格区分it is I和it is me的严格使用场景,只是使用那种用起来更自然):
It is I 通常由关系紧缩(Relative Atrraction) 引起,下面一些例子:
(1) William M. Thackeray ,<<The History of Pendennis>> 1 volume,1 edition,876页有:It is I am in fault ,is it?
(2) Hall Caine,<<The Manxman>> Longdon 1894年版,143页有:It was I that promised myself to Pete。
(3) Edward F.Benson,<<The Judgment Books>> Longdon 1895年版,213页有:Don’t you see it is I whao stand there on that easel?This
thing which you think is me,is nearly dead;
(4) John Galsworthy,<<Maid in Waiting>> Longdon 1931年版304页:it’s I who have to trust them.
而在代词作为宾语的关系从句中,使用it is me就显得很自然:
(1) Charlotte Brontë Villette. Longdon 1867 (1847) 年版371页有:it was me he wanted—me he was seeking;
(2) Wilkie Collins,The Woman in White,1860年版101页:I wish it was me you had frightened,and not her;
(3) Flecker Hassan 134页有:It is not me you want but my shame!。
在关系紧缩句中,主格代替间接格的例子极为少见:
(1) Fulgens & Lucres,by H. Medwall,edited by Boas & Reed. Oxford 1926 (between 1513 and 1519) (quoted by page) 52页有:He that hathe moste nobles in store Hym call I the most noble;
(2) 以下例子出自莎士比亚作品
>> ShakeSpeare Venice(威尼斯) 109页有:thus he that overrul’d I overswayed;
>> Troilus and Cressida II. 3.252章节Praise him that got thee,shee that gaue thee sucke;
>> Hamlet I. 2.105,ShakeSpeare Second
Part of Herry III 2.89,Richard III IV 4.101,Hardy L 187有:This from His Car’line,she who had been dead to him;
(3) Robert Louis Stevenson,The Black Arrow Longdon 1905年版361页有:I will tell a secrect to my Lady Shelton—she that is to be;
(4) Flora A. Steel,On the Face of the Waters. Longdon 1896年版81页:their worship alike of sex and He who made it,seemed incomprehensible;
(5) Margery Louise Allingham,Police at the Funeral 17页有:you would be rendering your eternal bebtor he who begs always to remain,my dear fellow,Your devoted,M.F。
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