最近在工作中需要在后台调用短信接口,经过研究决定使用HttpClient,自己封装了一个HttpClient工具类,简单轻松的实现get,post,put和delete请求,希望分享给大家。
1. 什么是HttpClient
HTTP 协议可能是现在 Internet 上使用得最多、最重要的协议了,越来越多的 Java 应用程序需要直接通过 HTTP 协议来访问网络资源。虽然在 JDK 的 java net包中已经提供了访问 HTTP 协议的基本功能,但是对于大部分应用程序来说,JDK 库本身提供的功能还不够丰富和灵活。HttpClient 是Apache HttpComponents 下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持 HTTP 协议最新的版本和建议。
2. 功能介绍
- 实现了所有 HTTP 的方法(GET,POST,PUT,DELETE 等)
- 支持自动转向
- 支持 HTTPS 协议
- 支持代理服务器等
3. 版本比较
注意本篇博客主要是基于 HttpClient4.5.5 版本的来讲解的,也是现在最新的版本,之所以要提供版本说明的是因为 HttpClient 3 版本和 HttpClient 4 版本差别还是很多大的,基本HttpClient里面的接口都变了,你把 HttpClient 3 版本的代码拿到 HttpClient 4 上面都运行不起来,会报错的。所以一定要注意 HtppClient 的版本问题。
4. HttpClient不能做的事情
HttpClient 不是浏览器,它是一个客户端 HTTP 协议传输类库。HttpClient 被用来发送和接受 HTTP 消息。HttpClient 不会处理 HTTP 消息的内容,不会进行 javascript 解析,不会关心 content type,如果没有明确设置,HttpClient 也不会对请求进行格式化、重定向 url,或者其他任何和 HTTP 消息传输相关的功能。
5. HttpClient使用流程
使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可。
- 创建HttpClient对象。
- 创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求,创建HttpGet对象;如果需要发送POST请求,创建HttpPost对象。
- 如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGetsetParams方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost对象而言,可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。
- 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse对象。
- 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。
- 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接
6. HttpClient工具类
本项目采用spring-boot构建,话不多说,上代码
优秀6.1 添加依赖
<properties>
<httpclient.version>4.5.5</httpclient.version>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- springboot的web和test启动库 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- apache httpclient组件 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>${project.artifactId}</finalName>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
<!-- 跳过单元测试 -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<skipTests>true</skipTests>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
6.2 编写spring-boot启动类
/**
* Description: springboot启动类
*
* @author JourWon
* @date Created on 2018年4月19日
*/
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
6.3 编写get和post请求测试controller
/**
* Description: get和post请求测试controller
*
* @author JourWon
* @date Created on 2018年4月19日
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public class HelloWorldController {
@GetMapping("/get")
public String get() throws InterruptedException {
return "get无参请求成功";
}
@GetMapping("/getWithParam")
public String getWithParam(@RequestParam String message) {
return "get带参请求成功,参数message: " + message;
}
@PostMapping("/post")
public String post(@RequestHeader("User-Agent") String userAgent,
@RequestHeader("Accept") String accept,
@RequestHeader("Accept-Language") String acceptLanguage,
@RequestHeader("Accept-Encoding") String acceptEncoding,
@RequestHeader("Cookie") String cookie,
@RequestHeader("Connection") String conn) {
// 打印请求头信息
System.out.println("Cookie = " + cookie);
System.out.println("Connection = " + conn);
System.out.println("Accept = " + accept);
System.out.println("Accept-Language = " + acceptLanguage);
System.out.println("Accept-Encoding = " + acceptEncoding);
System.out.println("User-Agent = " + userAgent);
return "post无参请求成功";
}
@PostMapping("/postWithParam")
public String postWithParam(@RequestParam String code, @RequestParam String message) {
return "post带参请求成功,参数code: " + code + ",参数message: " + message;
}
}
6.4 创建httpClient响应结果对象
/**
* Description: 封装httpClient响应结果
*
* @author JourWon
* @date Created on 2018年4月19日
*/
public class HttpClientResult implements Serializable {
/**
* 响应状态码
*/
private int code;
/**
* 响应数据
*/
private String content;
}
6.5 重点,编写httpclient工具类
/**
* Description: httpClient工具类
*
* @author JourWon
* @date Created on 2018年4月19日
*/
public class HttpClientUtils {
// 编码格式。发送编码格式统一用UTF-8
private static final String ENCODING = "UTF-8";
// 设置连接超时时间,单位毫秒。
private static final int CONNECT_TIMEOUT = 6000;
// 请求获取数据的超时时间(即响应时间),单位毫秒。
private static final int SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 6000;
/**
* 发送get请求;不带请求头和请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doGet(String url) throws Exception {
return doGet(url, null, null);
}
/**
* 发送get请求;带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 请求参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doGet(String url, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
return doGet(url, null, params);
}
/**
* 发送get请求;带请求头和请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param headers 请求头集合
* @param params 请求参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doGet(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
// 创建httpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
// 创建访问的地址
URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder(url);
if (params != null) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = params.entrySet();
for (Entry<String, String> entry : entrySet) {
uriBuilder.setParameter(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
// 创建http对象
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(uriBuilder.build());
/**
* setConnectTimeout:设置连接超时时间,单位毫秒。
* setConnectionRequestTimeout:设置从connect Manager(连接池)获取Connection
* 超时时间,单位毫秒。这个属性是新加的属性,因为目前版本是可以共享连接池的。
* setSocketTimeout:请求获取数据的超时时间(即响应时间),单位毫秒。 如果访问一个接口,多少时间内无法返回数据,就直接放弃此次调用。
*/
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT).setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT).build();
httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
// 设置请求头
packageHeader(headers, httpGet);
// 创建httpResponse对象
CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
try {
// 执行请求并获得响应结果
return getHttpClientResult(httpResponse, httpClient, httpGet);
} finally {
// 释放资源
release(httpResponse, httpClient);
}
}
/**
* 发送post请求;不带请求头和请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doPost(String url) throws Exception {
return doPost(url, null, null);
}
/**
* 发送post请求;带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doPost(String url, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
return doPost(url, null, params);
}
/**
* 发送post请求;带请求头和请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param headers 请求头集合
* @param params 请求参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doPost(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
// 创建httpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
// 创建http对象
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
/**
* setConnectTimeout:设置连接超时时间,单位毫秒。
* setConnectionRequestTimeout:设置从connect Manager(连接池)获取Connection
* 超时时间,单位毫秒。这个属性是新加的属性,因为目前版本是可以共享连接池的。
* setSocketTimeout:请求获取数据的超时时间(即响应时间),单位毫秒。 如果访问一个接口,多少时间内无法返回数据,就直接放弃此次调用。
*/
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT).setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT).build();
httpPost.setConfig(requestConfig);
// 设置请求头
/*httpPost.setHeader("Cookie", "");
httpPost.setHeader("Connection", "keep-alive");
httpPost.setHeader("Accept", "application/json");
httpPost.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9");
httpPost.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br");
httpPost.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36");*/
packageHeader(headers, httpPost);
// 封装请求参数
packageParam(params, httpPost);
// 创建httpResponse对象
CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
try {
// 执行请求并获得响应结果
return getHttpClientResult(httpResponse, httpClient, httpPost);
} finally {
// 释放资源
release(httpResponse, httpClient);
}
}
/**
* 发送put请求;不带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doPut(String url) throws Exception {
return doPut(url);
}
/**
* 发送put请求;带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doPut(String url, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpPut httpPut = new HttpPut(url);
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT).setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT).build();
httpPut.setConfig(requestConfig);
packageParam(params, httpPut);
CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
try {
return getHttpClientResult(httpResponse, httpClient, httpPut);
} finally {
release(httpResponse, httpClient);
}
}
/**
* 发送delete请求;不带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doDelete(String url) throws Exception {
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpDelete httpDelete = new HttpDelete(url);
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT).setSocketTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT).build();
httpDelete.setConfig(requestConfig);
CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
try {
return getHttpClientResult(httpResponse, httpClient, httpDelete);
} finally {
release(httpResponse, httpClient);
}
}
/**
* 发送delete请求;带请求参数
*
* @param url 请求地址
* @param params 参数集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult doDelete(String url, Map<String, String> params) throws Exception {
if (params == null) {
params = new HashMap<String, String>();
}
params.put("_method", "delete");
return doPost(url, params);
}
/**
* Description: 封装请求头
* @param params
* @param httpMethod
*/
public static void packageHeader(Map<String, String> params, HttpRequestBase httpMethod) {
// 封装请求头
if (params != null) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = params.entrySet();
for (Entry<String, String> entry : entrySet) {
// 设置到请求头到HttpRequestBase对象中
httpMethod.setHeader(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
}
/**
* Description: 封装请求参数
*
* @param params
* @param httpMethod
* @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
*/
public static void packageParam(Map<String, String> params, HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase httpMethod)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
// 封装请求参数
if (params != null) {
List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = params.entrySet();
for (Entry<String, String> entry : entrySet) {
nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
}
// 设置到请求的http对象中
httpMethod.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps, ENCODING));
}
}
/**
* Description: 获得响应结果
*
* @param httpResponse
* @param httpClient
* @param httpMethod
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static HttpClientResult getHttpClientResult(CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse,
CloseableHttpClient httpClient, HttpRequestBase httpMethod) throws Exception {
// 执行请求
httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpMethod);
// 获取返回结果
if (httpResponse != null && httpResponse.getStatusLine() != null) {
String content = "";
if (httpResponse.getEntity() != null) {
content = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity(), ENCODING);
}
return new HttpClientResult(httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(), content);
}
return new HttpClientResult(HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
}
/**
* Description: 释放资源
*
* @param httpResponse
* @param httpClient
* @throws IOException
*/
public static void release(CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse, CloseableHttpClient httpClient) throws IOException {
// 释放资源
if (httpResponse != null) {
httpResponse.close();
}
if (httpClient != null) {
httpClient.close();
}
}
}
6.6 启动spring-boot,测试get、post请求
/**
* Description: HttpClientUtils工具类测试
*
* @author JourWon
* @date Created on 2018年4月19日
*/
public class HttpClientUtilsTest {
/**
* Description: 测试get无参请求
*
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testGet() throws Exception {
HttpClientResult result = HttpClientUtils.doGet("http://127.0.0.1:8080/hello/get");
System.out.println(result);
}
/**
* Description: 测试get带参请求
*
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testGetWithParam() throws Exception {
Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("message", "helloworld");
HttpClientResult result = HttpClientUtils.doGet("http://127.0.0.1:8080/hello/getWithParam", params);
System.out.println(result);
}
/**
* Description: 测试post带请求头不带请求参数
*
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testPost() throws Exception {
Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<String, String>();
headers.put("Cookie", "123");
headers.put("Connection", "keep-alive");
headers.put("Accept", "application/json");
headers.put("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9");
headers.put("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36");
HttpClientResult result = HttpClientUtils.doPost("http://127.0.0.1:8080/hello/post", headers, null);
System.out.println(result);
}
/**
* Description: 测试post带参请求
*
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testPostWithParam() throws Exception {
Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("code", "0");
params.put("message", "helloworld");
HttpClientResult result = HttpClientUtils.doPost("http://127.0.0.1:8080/hello/postWithParam", params);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
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