树
@(数据结构)
[TOC]
树的定义
（递归）一棵树是一些节点的集合。这个集合可以是空集；若不是空集，则树由称作根的节点 r 以及 0 个或多个非空的（子）树 $T_1，T_2，···，T_k$ 组成，这些子树中每一棵的根都被来自根 r 的一条有向边所连结。
树的实现
//树节点的声明
class TreeNode
{
Object element;
TreeNode firstChild;
TreeNode netSibling;
}
将每个节点的所有儿子都放到树节点的链表中。
树的遍历
- 先序遍历
- 后序遍历
- 中序遍历
二叉树
二叉树（binary tree）是一棵树，其中每个节点都不能有多于两个的儿子。
二叉树平均深度为 $O(\sqrt{N})$，最大深度为 $N$。
二叉查找树的平均深度为 $O(log N)$。
//二叉树节点类
class BinaryNode
{
//Friendly data;accessible by other package toutines
Object element;//The data in the node
BinaryNode left;//Left child
BinaryNode right;//right child
}
查找树ADT——二叉查找树
使二叉树成为查找树的性质是，对于树中的每个节点 X ，它的左子树中所有项的值小于 X 中的项，而它的右子树中所有项的值大于 X 中的项。
//BinaryNode类
private static class BinaryNode<AnyType>
{
//Constructors
BinaryNode(AnyType theElement)
{this(theElement, null, null);}
BinaryNode(AnyType theElement, BinaryNode<AnyType> lt, BinaryNode<AnyType> rt)
{element = theElement; left = lt; right = rt;}
AnyType element;//The data in the node
BinaryNode<AnyType> left;//Left child
BinaryNode<AnyType> right;//Right child
}
二叉查找树架构
//二叉查找树架构
public class BinarySearchTree<AnyType extends comparable<? super AnyType>>
{
private static class BinaryNode<AnyType>
{
//Constructors
BinaryNode(AnyType theElement)
{this(theElement, null, null);}
BinaryNode(AnyType theElement, BinaryNode<AnyType> lt, BinaryNode<AnyType> rt)
{element = theElement; left = lt; right = rt;}
AnyType element;//The data in the node
BinaryNode<AnyType> left;//Left child
BinaryNode<AnyType> right;//Right child
}
private BinaryNode<AnyType> root;
public BinarySearchTree()
{ root = null; }
public void makeEmpty()
{ root = null; }
public boolean isEmpty()
{ return root == null; }
public boolean contains( AnyType x )
{ return contains( x, root ); }
public AnyType findMin()
{
if (isEmpty()) throw new UnderflowException();
return findMin(root).element;
}
public AnyType finMax()
{
if (isEmpty()) throw new UnderflowException();
return finMax(roow).element;
}
public void insert(AnyType x)
{ root = insert(x,root); }
public void remove(AnyType x)
{ root = remove(x,root); }
public void printTree()
{
if (isEmpty())
System.out.println("Empty tree");
else
printTree(roo�t);
}
private boolean contains(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if (t == null)
return false;
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
return contains(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
return contains(x, t.right);
else
return true; //Match
}
private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMin(BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return null;
else if(t.left == null)
return t;
return findMin(t.left);
}
private BinaryNode<AnyType> finMax(BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t != null)
while(t.right != null)
t = t.right;
return t;
}
private BinaryNode<AnyType> insert(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return new BinaryNode<>(x, null, null);
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = insert(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = insert(x, t.right);
else
;//Duplicate; do nothing
return t;
}
private BinaryNode<AnyType> remove(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return t;//Item not found; do nothing
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = remove(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = remove(x, t.right);
else if(t.left != null && t.right != null)//Two children
{
t.element = findMin(t.right).element;
t.right = remove(t.element, t.right);
}
else
t = (t.left != null) ? t.left : t.right;
return t;
}
private void printTree(BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if (t != null) {
printTree(t.left);
System.out.println(t.element);
printTree(t.right);
}
}
}
contains方法
如果树 $T$ 中含有项 $X$ 的节点，那么这个操作需要返回true，如果这样的节点不存在则返回false。树的结构使这种操作很简单。如果 $T$ 是空集，那么久返回false。否则，如果存储在 $T$ 处的项是 $X$ ，那么可以返回true。否则，我们对数 $T$ 的左子树或右子树进行一次递归调用，则依赖于 $X$ 与存储在 $T$ 中的项的关系。
/**
* Internal method to find an item in a subtree
* @param x is item to search for.
* @param t the node that roots the subtree.
* @return true if the item is found; false otherwise.
*/
//二叉查找树的contains操作
private boolean contains(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if (t == null)
return false;
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
return contains(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
return contains(x, t.right);
else
return true; //Match
}
//递归用while循环代替
while(compareResult <0)
{
t=t.left;
compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
}
算法表达式的简明性是以速度的降低为代价的。
findMin方法和findMax方法
这两个方法分别返回树中包含最小元和最大元的节点的引用。为执行findMin，从根开始并且只要有左儿子就向左进行。 终止点就是最小的元素。findMax除分支朝向右儿子其余过程相同。
//用递归编写findMin，用非递归编写findMax
/**
* Internal method to find the smallest item in a subtree
* @param t the node that roots the subtree.
* @return node containing the smallest item
*/
private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMin(BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return null;
else if(t.left == null)
return t;
return findMin(t.left);
}
/**
* Internal method to find the largest item in a subtree
* @param t the node that roots the subtree.
* @return node containing the largest item.
*/
private BinaryNode<AnyType> finMax(BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t != null)
while(t.right != null)
t = t.right;
return t;
}
insert方法
/**
* Internal method to insert in�to a subtree
* @param x the item to insert
* @param t the node that roots the subtree
* @return the new root of the subtree
*/
private BinaryNode<AnyType> insert(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return new BinaryNode<>(x, null, null);
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = insert(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = insert(x, t.right);
else
;//Duplicate; do nothing
return t;
}
remove方法
/**
* Internal method to remove from a subtree
* @param x the item to remove.
* @param t the node that roots the subtree.
* @return the new root of the subtree
*/
private BinaryNode<AnyType> remove(AnyType x, BinaryNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return t;//Item not found; do nothing
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = remove(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = remove(x, t.right);
else if(t.left != null && t.right != null)//Node that has two children
{
t.element = findMin(t.right).element;//Find the minimum item of right subtree
t.right = remove(t.element, t.right);//Remove the node of minimum item recursively
}
else
t = (t.left != null) ? t.left : t.right;//Node that has one children; parent of the node roots subtree of th�e node
return t;
}
- 如果节点是树叶，可以直接删除。
- 如果节点有一个儿子，这该节点需要在其父节点调整自己的链以绕过该节点
- 如果节点有两个儿子，一般的删除策略是用其右子树的最小的数据代替该节点，并在右子树中递归地删除那个最小的节点
另外，如果删除的次数不多，通常使用的策略是懒惰删除（lazy deletion）：当一个元素要被删除时，它仍留在树中，而只是被标记为删除。
AVL树
AVL树是带有平衡条件的二叉查找树。
这个平衡条件必须要容易保持，而且它保证树的深度须是 $O(log N)$ 。
一个AVL树是其每个节点的左子树和右子树的高度最多差 1 的二叉查找树（空树的高度定义为 -1）。
可以知道，在�高度为 $h$ 的AVL树中，最少节点数 $S(h)=S(h-1)+S(h-2)+1$ 给出。
对于 $h=0, S(h)=1; h=1, S(h)=2$ 。
函数 $S(h)$ 与斐波那契数密切相关。
那么重点来了，对于AVL树的插入操作，有可能破坏树的平衡性。这时候，我们就需要在这一步插入完成之前恢复平衡的性质。
可以知道，从插入的节点往上，逆行到根，若发生平衡信息改变，那么改变的节点一定在这条路径上。我们需要找出这个需要重新平衡的节点 $\alpha$ 。
对于节点 $\alpha$ ，不平衡条件可能出现在一下四种操作中：
- 对 $\alpha$ 的左儿子的左子树进行一次插入（LL）。
- 对 $\alpha$ 的左儿子的右子树进行一次插入（LR）。
- 对 $\alpha$ 的右儿子的左子树进行一次插入（RL）。
- 对 $\alpha$ 的右儿子的右子树进行一次插入（RR）。
对于1和4，是插入发生在外边的情况，通过对树的一次单旋转而完成调整。对于2和3，是插入发生在内部的情况，通过对树的一次双旋转而完成调整。
这里先对AvlNode类进行定义：
private static class AvlNode<AnyType>
{
//Constructors
AvlNode(AnyType theElement)
{this(theElement, null, null);}
AvlNode(AnyType theElement, AvlNode<AnyType> lt, AvlNode<AnyType> rt)
{element = theElement; left = lt; right = rt; height = 0;}
AnyType element;//The data in the code
AvlNode<AnyType> left;//Left child
AvlNode<AnyType> right;//Right child
int height;//Height
}
然后需要一个返回节点高度的方法：
//返回AVL树的节点高度
/**
* return the height of node t, or -1, if null.
*/
private int height(AvlNode<AnyType> t)
{
return t == null ? -1 : t.height;
}
单旋转
LL单旋转
/**
* Rotate binary tree node with left child.
* For AVL trees, this is a single rotation for case 1.
* Update heights, then return new root.
*/
private AvlNode<AnyType> RotationWithLeftChild(AvlNode<AnyType> k2)
{
AVLTreeNode<AnyType> k1 = k2.left;
k2.left = k1.right;
k1.right = k2;
k2.height = Math.max( height(k2.left), height(k2.right)) + 1;
k1.height = Math.max( height(k1.left), k2.height) + 1;
return k1;
}
RR单旋转
/**
* Rotate binary tree node with right child.
* For AVL trees, this is a single rotation for case 4.
* Update heights, then return new root.
*/
private AvlNode<AnyType> RotationWithRightChild(AvlNode<AnyType> k1)
{
AVLTreeNode<AnyType> k2 = k1.right;
k1.right = k2.left;
k2.left = k1;
k1.height = Math.max( height(k1.left), height(k1.right)) + 1;
k1.height = Math.max( height(k2.right), k1.height) + 1;
return k2;
}
双旋转
LR双旋转
/**
* Double rotate binary tree node: first left child
* with its right child; then node k3 with new left child.
* For AVL trees, this is a double rotation for case 2.
* Update heights, then return new root.
*/
private AvlNode<AnyType> doubleWithLeftChild(AvlNode<AnyType> k3)
{
k3.left = RotationWithRightChild(k3.left);
return RotationWithLeftChild(k3);
}
RL双旋转
/**
* Double rotate binary tree node: first right child
* with its left child; then node k1 with new right child.
* For AVL trees, this is a double rotation for case 3.
* Update heights, then return new root.
*/
private AvlNode<AnyType> doubleWithRightChild(AvlNode<AnyType> k1)
{
k1.right = RotationWithRightChild(k1.right);
return RotationWithLeftChild(k1);
}
AVL树的插入方法
插入方法就是前文中的insert方法，只是在最后一行调用平衡的方法以保持AVL树的平衡性。
/**
* Internal method to insert into a subtree.
* @param x the item to insert.
* @param t the node that roots the subtree.
* @return the new root of the subtree.
*/
private AvlNode<AnyType> insert(AnyType x, AvlNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return new AvlNode<>(x, null, null);
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = insert(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = insert(x, t.right);
else
;//Duplicate; do nothing
return balance(t);
}
private static final int ALLOWED_IMBALLANCE = 1;
//Assume t is either balanced of within one of being balanced
private AvlNode<AnyType> balance(AvlNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return t;
if(height(t.left) - height(t.right) > ALLOWED_IMBALLANCE)
if(height(t.left.left) >= height(t.left.right))
t = RotationWithLeftChild(t);
else
t = doubleWithLeftChild(t);
else
if(height(t.right) - height(t.left) > ALLOWED_IMBALLANCE)
if(height(t.right.right) >= height(t.right.left))
t = RotationWithRightChild(t);
else
t = doubleWithRightChild(t);
t.height = Math.max(height(t.left), height(t.right)) + 1;
return t;
}
AVL树的删除方法
和AVL树的插入一样，只用在前文的删除方法最后加上一行调用平衡的方法即可。
private AvlNode<AnyType> remove(AnyType x, AvlNode<AnyType> t)
{
if(t == null)
return t;//Item not found; do nothing
int compareResult = x.compareTo(t.element);
if(compareResult < 0)
t.left = remove(x, t.left);
else if(compareResult > 0)
t.right = remove(x, t.right);
else if(t.left != null && t.right != null)//Node that has two children
{
t.element = findMin(t.right).element;//Find the minimum item of right subtree
t.right = remove(t.element, t.right);//Remove the node of minimum item recursively
}
else
t = (t.left != null) ? t.left : t.right;//Node that has one children; parent of the node roots subtree of th�e node
return balance(t);
}
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