维生素是人体必需的营养物质，一般通过食物（比如新鲜蔬菜）摄入。而维生素做的药片也能补充多种维生素，并得到了一部分人的青睐。那么，哪种方式摄入维生素更好呢？
Are vitamin supplements better than veggies?
by Jason Daley
Dietary supplements, including daily vitamins, have been a part of life in United States for decades. In fact, people spend $30 billion per year on various pills, powders, gummies and tinctures to help improve their health, boost their brain, lose weight, build muscle and strengthen their immune system.
dietary /ˈdaɪət(ə)ri/ adj. 饮食的（由diet加后缀-ary变成形容词）
supplement /ˈsʌplɪmənt/ n. 补充物、添加物
vitamin /ˈvɪtəmɪn/ n. 维生素
decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年
billion /ˈbɪljən/ n. 十亿
pill /pɪl/ n. 药片
gummy /ˈɡʌmi/ n. 粘胶、软糖
tincture /ˈtɪŋktʃə(r)/ n. 酊剂（含酒精的药物溶液）
boost /buːst/ v. 提高、增强
build /bɪld/ v. 逐渐增强
muscle /ˈmʌs(ə)l/ n. 肌肉
strengthen /ˈstreŋθ(ə)n/ v. 加强、强化（由strength加后缀-en变成动词）
immune /ɪˈmjuːn/ adj. 免疫的
But a new extensive study suggests many people may be better off spending all that disposable income at the farmer's market or grocery store produce section to buy spinach, tomatoes and other vitamin-packed veggies instead, according to a paper published this week in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.
extensive /ɪkˈstensɪv/ adj. 范围大的、广泛的
suggest /səˈdʒest/ v. 提出
be better off 过得更好
disposable /dɪˈspəʊzəb(ə)l/ adj. 可支配的、可使用的
income /ˈɪnkʌm/ n. 收入
grocery /ˈɡrəʊs(ə)ri/ store 食品杂货店
produce /ˈprɒdjuːs/ n. 农产品（produce section指店里卖农产品的区域）
spinach /ˈspɪnɪtʃ/ n. 菠菜
veggie /ˈvedʒi/ n. 蔬菜
paper /ˈpeɪpə(r)/ n. 论文
publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v. 发表
journal /ˈdʒɜːn(ə)l/ n. 期刊
Researchers analyzed data from 27,725 participants in the Centers for Disease Control's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Each volunteer, all over the age of 20, logged what they ate for 24 hours and what supplements they took in the previous 30 days. The data was collected between 1999 and 2010.
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究者（由research加上表示人的后缀-er）
analyze /ˈæn(ə)laɪz/ v. 分析
data /ˈdeɪtə/ n. 数据
participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪp(ə)nt/ n. 参与者
nutrition /njuːˈtrɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 营养
examination /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 检查、调查
survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ n. 问卷调查
volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ n. 志愿者
log /lɒɡ/ v. 记录、正式记录
During the study's six-year follow-up period, 3,613 participants died, including 945 from cardiovascular（心血管的） disease and 805 from cancer. Using that data, the study team found that getting enough vitamin K – found in leafy greens – and magnesium（镁） – found in legumes, nuts, whole grains, fish and meat – were associated with a lower mortality rate. Getting the recommended dose of vitamin K, zinc（锌） and vitamin A was linked to lower mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease.
follow-up 跟踪研究、随访
cancer /ˈkænsə(r)/ n. 癌症
leafy /ˈliːfi/ adj. 叶子多的（由leaf加后缀-y变成形容词）
greens /ɡriːnz/ n. 绿叶蔬菜
legume /ˈleɡjuːm/ n. 豆类植物
nut /nʌt/ n. 坚果
grain /ɡreɪn/ n. 谷物
associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ v. 联系、关联
mortality /mɔːˈtæləti/ n. 死亡、死亡数
rate /reɪt/ n. 率、比率
recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/ v. 推荐、建议
dose /dəʊs/ n. 剂量
link /lɪŋk/ v. 连接、联系
And it turned out that taking 1,000 milligrams of calcium per day in supplement form was associated with increased cancer risk, while getting excess calcium from food did not seem to increase those risks.
turn out 结果是
milligram /ˈmɪlɪɡræm/ n. 毫克（前缀milli-表示千分之一）
calcium /ˈkælsiəm/ n. 钙
form /fɔːm/ n. 形式
risk /rɪsk/ n. 风险
excess /ɪkˈses/ adj. 过量的
"Our results support the idea that, while supplement use contributes to an increased level of total nutrient intake, there are beneficial associations with nutrients from foods that aren't seen with supplements," Fang Fang Zhang of Tufts University, the study's senior author, says in a statement. "This study also confirms the importance of identifying the nutrient source when evaluating mortality outcomes."
contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v. 做贡献
level /ˈlev(ə)l/ n. 水平、数量
nutrient /ˈnjuːtriənt/ n. 营养物质
intake /ˈɪnteɪk/ n. 摄入、摄入量
beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ adj. 有益的
association /əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 联系（由associate加后缀-ion变成名词）
senior /ˈsiːniə(r)/ adj. 高级别的、资深的
statement /ˈsteɪtmənt/ n. 说明
confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 证实、确认
identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ v. 识别、辨认出
source /sɔːs/ n. 来源
evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ v. 评估
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ n. 结果、后果
The study has some limitations. The NHANES data relies on participants self-reporting what they eat and what supplements they take, which means the data might not be entirely accurate. The study is observational, meaning any relationship between nutrients in food and certain diseases is merely an association and does not imply causation.
limitations /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃ(ə)nz/ n. 局限性
rely /rɪˈlaɪ/ on 依靠
self-report 自己报告
entirely /ɪnˈtaɪəli/ adv. 完全地（由entire加后缀-ly变成副词）
accurate /ˈækjurət/ adj. 准确的
observational /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 观察性的（由observation加后缀-al变成形容词）
relationship /rɪˈleɪʃ(ə)nʃɪp/ n. 关系
merely /ˈmɪəli/ adv. 仅仅（表示强调）
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ v. 暗示
causation /kɔːˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 因果关系（由cause加后缀-ation变成名词）
Still, the study's overall message is that supplements are not a silver bullet for health. "I don't think you can undo the effect of a bad diet by taking supplements," says Rekha Kumar, an endocrinologist（内分泌医生） at NewYork-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine, who was not involved in the study.
still /stɪl/ adv. 尽管如此
overall /ˌəʊvəˈrɔːl/ adj. 总体的、整体的
silver bullet 解决复杂问题的简单方法（类似于汉语里的“灵丹妙药”）
undo /ʌnˈduː/ v. 撤销、抵消（由do加上表示否定的前缀un-）
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