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Python 查看对象属性的几种方式: __dict__, di

Python 查看对象属性的几种方式: __dict__, di

作者: Rethink | 来源:发表于2021-03-04 20:03 被阅读0次

    Python v3.8.5

    __dict__

    object.__dict__
    A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object’s (writable) attributes.

    先来看一下Python类的__dict__属性和类实例对象的__dict__属性,例子如下:

    class ClassA:
        name = "ClassA"
    
        def __init__(self):
            self.desc = "A class called ClassA"
    
        def foo_a(self):
            pass
    
        @staticmethod
        def static_method_a():
            pass
    
        @classmethod
        def class_method_a(cls):
            pass
    
    
    class ClassB(ClassA):
        pass
    
    print(type(ClassA.__dict__), ClassA.__dict__)
    print(type(ClassA().__dict__), ClassA().__dict__)
    
    >>>
    <class 'mappingproxy'> {'__module__': '__main__', 'name': 'ClassA', '__init__': <function ClassA.__init__ at 0x00CE8538>, 'foo_a': <function ClassA.foo_a at 0x00CE84F0>, 'static_method_a': <staticmethod object at 0x00CCFFA0>, 'class_method_a': <classmethod object at 0x00CEB118>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'ClassA' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'ClassA' objects>, '__doc__': None}  
    
    <class 'dict'> {'desc': 'A class called ClassA'}
    
    
    print(ClassB.__dict__)
    print(ClassB().__dict__)
    
    >>>
    {'__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
    {'desc': 'A class called ClassA'}
    

    从以上的测试结果中可以得出以下结论:

    • 类和实例分别拥有自己的 __dict__属性,类__dict__属性返回的数据格式为mappingproxy,这是一种只读的数据格式,其中存放的内容为类中定义的静态方法、类方法、普通方法、类变量以及一些内置的属性;而实例的__dict__属性则返回dict, 存放的是类实例属性和方法,也就是self.xxx. 所以类实例才可以在运行过程中动态修改属性或方法,继续看下面的代码:
    a = ClassA()
    a.__dict__['desc'] = 'Repeat: A class called ClassA'  # 修改实例变量
    a.__dict__['sum_a'] = lambda x, y: x + y  # 添加实例方法
    print(a.desc)
    print(a.sum_a(2, 3))
    
    >>>
    Repeat: A class called ClassA
    5
        
    ClassA.__dict__['name']='ClassA_1'   # 尝试以同样的方法, 修改类变量, 则会抛出异常
    
    >>>
    TypeError: 'mappingproxy' object does not support item assignment
    
    • 对于具有继承关系的父类和子类来说,子类的 __dict__ 属性不会包含父类的 __dict__; 类实例对象的__dict__ 属性,却是存在继承关系的。

    注意, Python内置数据类型是没有__dict__ 属性的!

    dir() && __dir__

    dir([object])
    Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to
    return a list of valid attributes for that object.
    dir()方法不带参数时,返回当前本地作用域中的名称列表。带单数时,则返回该对象的有效属性列表。
    If the object has a method named dir(), this method will be called and must return the list ofattributes.
    如果参数对象实现了__dir__()方法,并且这个方法必须返回一个属性值列表,则该方法将被调用;
    If the object does not provide dir(), the function tries its best to gather information from theobject’s dict attribute.
    若参数对象未实现__dir__ 方法,则dir()会尽力从该对象的__dict__属性获取信息.

    • If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes;
      如果参数是模块,则dir()方法返回的列表中会包含模块属性的名称;
    • If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases;
      如果参数是类型或类对象,则返回的列表中包含其属性的名称,并以递归方式获取其基类的属性的名称;
    • Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes;
      否则,返回的列表中包含对象的属性名称、其类的属性名称以及递归获取其基类的属性名称;

    看几个小例子:

    1. dir() 不带参数:
    import datetime
    
    print(dir(datetime))
    print(set(locals().keys()) == set(dir()))
    
    >>>
    ['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'age', 'datetime', 'name']
    True
    
    1. dir()作用于模块
    import datetime
    
    print(dir(datetime))
    
    >>>
    ['MAXYEAR', 'MINYEAR', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'date', 'datetime', 'datetime_CAPI', 'sys', 'time', 'timedelta', 'timezone', 'tzinfo']
    
    1. dir()作用于类,则会返回当前类以及其基类的类属性列表,这和类的__dict__属性不同,还是以第一部分中代码作为例子:
    class ClassA:
        name = "ClassA"
    
        def __init__(self):
            self.desc = "A class called ClassA"
    
        def foo_a(self):
            pass
    
        @staticmethod
        def static_method_a():
            pass
    
        @classmethod
        def class_method_a(cls):
            pass
    
    
    class ClassB(ClassA):
        pass
    
    print(dir(ClassB))
    
    >>>
    ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'class_method_a', 'foo_a', 'name', 'static_method_a']
    
    1. dir(obj)作用于实例对象,且它的构造类或基类未实现__dir__方法,则dir(obj)返回obj的实例属性,还有构造类及基类的类属性,也就是二者的合集;
    print(set(dir(ClassB())) - set(dir(ClassB)))
    
    >>>
    {'desc'}
    

    vars()

    vars([object]):
    Return the dict attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with a dict attribute.
    vars([object])就是返回对象__dict__属性的内容,无论是类对象还是实例对象,vars([object]) == object.__dict__。当然,参数对象需要有一个__dict__属性。

    如果没传入参数,就打印当前调用位置的属性和属性值,类似于下面的 locals()

    print(set(locals())==set(vars()))
    
    >>>
    True
    

    locals()

    Update and return a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. Free variables are returned by locals() when it is called in function blocks, but not in class blocks

    locals()返回调用者当前局部名称空间的字典。在一个函数内部,局部名称空间代表在函数执行时候定义的所有名字,locals()函数返回的就是包含这些名称的字典。

    def foo(x):
        a, b = 1, 2
        return locals()
    
    t = foo(0)
    print(t)
    
    >>>
    {'x': 0, 'a': 1, 'b': 2}
    

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