****用户须知***

!非盈利非盈利非盈利！

这段话应该会出现在笔者所有雅思笔记的上面吧我想~

这个是2018年九月份咸鱼笔者突击雅思整理的笔记，由于笔者国内的学校基本上没有教任何关于语法的知识导致grammar比洋人还差，一般情况下西方学校英文最好最标准的都是大陆or香港仔(笑)

本系列的所有教程均按照浙江教育出版社的 剑桥雅思语法精讲 的顺序来安排的，建议配套？（反正都是自学）

本笔记仅用于个人复习所用，部分内容设计XDF和英孚国际的教程，希望不要找我麻烦啦（跪地求饶）

一、一般现在时（do）

主将从现

• 习惯、经常性用语

• 客观事实或普遍真理

这里要注意必须是永恒的真理，比如电话能方便的联系两个人，这个就不是永恒的真理（至少在电话发明之前不是）

• 定期定点运行的交通方式（时刻表）

• 跟在when，as soon as，after，before，until，as long as后面

• 时间、条件状语从句一般现在表将来

二、现在进行时（be doing）

现在进行时的本质=过去进行时

1.片段性（此刻正在发生——没完成）

2.阶段性（目前阶段一直发生）

特殊点：强调变化趋势（the world is changing）、发展进展、语气&态度

现在进行时的构成

任何动词的现在进行时都是以两个部分所构成——Be 动词的现在时 + 主要动词的现在分词。

（现在分词的结构为：动词原型+ing，例如 talking丶playing丶moving丶smiling）

肯定句
主词	+ Be 动词	+ 原型 + ing
She	is	talking.
否定句
Subject	+ Be 动词 + not	+ 原型 + ing
She	is not (isn't)	talking.
疑问句
**Be 动词 **	+ 主词	+ 原型 + ing
Is	she	talking?

举例：TO GO 用于现在进行时

肯定句	否定句	疑问句
I am going.	I am not going.	Am I going?
You are going.	You aren't going.	Are you going?
**He, she, it **is going.	He, she, it isn't going.	Is he, she, it going?
We are going.	We aren't going.	Are we going?
You are going.	You aren't going.	Are you going?
They are going.	They aren't going.	Are they going?

注：也可使用否定形式的缩写：I'm not going丶you're not going丶he's not going
等。

现在进行时的作用

就如所有英语中的时态一样，说话者的态度与动作或事件发生的时间一样重要。当某人使用了现在进行时，他们就是认为某件事未完成或不完整

使用现在进行式的情况：

• 描述某个动作目前正在发生：**You are using **the Internet. You are
  studying English grammar.

• 描述某个动作正在这段时间或趋势发生：Are you still working for the same
  company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

• 描述某个未来的动作或事件，而这个动作或事件已经是规划或准备好的：We're
  going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are
  they visiting you next winter?

• 描述一个暂时的事件或情况：He usually plays the drums, but he's
  playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's
  rainingat the moment.

• 用 always, forever, constantly
  等副词来描述和强调一个不断反覆发生的动作：Harry and Sally are always
  arguing! You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

要注意！有些动词通常不会用在进行时。

通常不会用在进行时的动词

以下的动词通常用在一般现在时，因为这些动词指的是状态，而不是动作或过程。

感觉 / 感知

• to feel*

• to hear

• to see*

• to smell

• to taste

意见

• to assume

• to believe

• to consider

• to doubt

• to feel (= to think)

• to find (= to consider)

• to suppose

• to think*

心理状态

• to forget

• to imagine

• to know

• to mean

• to notice

• to recognise

• to remember

• to understand

情感 / 欲望

• to envy

• to fear

• to dislike

• to hate

• to hope

• to like

• to love

• to mind

• to prefer

• to regret

• to want

• to wish

测量

• to contain

• to cost

• to hold

• to measure

• to weigh

其他

• to look (=resemble)

• to seem

• to be（在多数情况）

• to have（当它的意思是「to possess」的时候）*

例外情况

感知动词 (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) 时常与 can 连用：I can
see... 这些动词也可以用在进行时，但意思上会有些不同。

• This coat feels nice and warm.（你对外套品质的感觉）

• John's feeling much better now（他的健康状况正在改善）

• She has three dogs and a cat.（拥有）

• She's having supper.（她正在吃）

• I can see Anthony in the garden（知觉）

• I'm seeing Anthony later（我们正打算要碰面）

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/present-continuous/>

三、现在完成时（have done）

用来连接现在和过去（前提就是动作开始于过去）

• 到现在（today，this week）为止仍然未结束的一段时间

• 从过去某时刻开始持续到现在且可能继续下去（延续性动词）时间状语常用since+过去的时间点/for+一段时间/by+一个现在时间

• 发生在过去对现在仍有影响

如果强调了只是某件事情在某时发生了，用一般过去时

延续性动作：I have lived here for 3 years.（现在还在居住）

短暂性动作：I have collected plenty of
information.（我已经收集了很多信息，过去收集的，现在不收集了，但是保持着过去收集的信息）

反复性动作：I have called him three times.

特点：现在仍然(不然就是事件没结束，要不然就是事件本身对现在有影响）

用于完成时的特殊句型

1.It is/was the first / second time that + 现在完成时/过去完成时

This is the first time that I've ever needed an operation.

2.This is /was the +最高级+名词 that + 现在完成时/过去完成时

This is the ugliest baby that I've ever seen in my life.

3.现在完成时+since+一般过去时

Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time? Yes,since she joined the Chinese
Society.

现在完成时的构成

任何动词的现在完成时都是以两个要素构成：依人称使用正确的助动词 to
have（现在时）的型态，加上主要动词的过去分词。规则动词的过去分词为动词原型 +
ed，例如 played丶arrived丶looked。至於不规则动词，请参考「动词」页面上的不规则动词表。

肯定句
主词	to have	过去分词
She	has	visited.
否定句
主词	to have + not	过去分词
She	has not (hasn't)	visited.
疑问句
to have	主词	过去分词
Has	she	visited?
否定型疑问句
to have + not	主词	过去分词
Hasn't	she	visited?

现在完成时，以 TO WALK 为例

肯定句	否定句	疑问句
I have walked.	I haven't walked.	Have I walked?
You have walked.	You haven't walked.	Have you walked?
**He, she, it **has walked.	He, she, hasn't walked.	Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked.	We haven't walked.	Have we walked?
You have walked.	You haven't walked.	Have you walked?
They have walked.	They haven't walked.	Have they walked?

现在完成时的作用

现在完成时是用来表明现在与过去的连结。动作的时间是在过去，并没有一个具体的时间点。我们往往更强调动作的结果，而非动作本身。（因为是结果所以必须是已经完成的事情！！！）

要留意！也许您的母语中也有相似的动词时态，但意思不见得是一样的。

现在完成时是用来描述：

• 始於过去的动作或状态，到目前仍持续着。*I have lived in Bristol since
  1984 *(= 而且到现在还是。)

• 在一段时间内做过丶但还没有结束的动作。*She has been to the cinema twice this
  week *(= 而且这周还没过完。)

• 在过去到现在之间的一段不明确的时间内重复发生的动作。We have
  visited Portugal several times.

• 在不久前完成的动作，以「just」来表达。I have just finished my work.

• 发生时间并不重要的动作。*He has read 'War and Peace'. *(= 阅读的结果很重要)

注意：如果想要针对何时丶何地丶何人给予或询问细节，我们会用过去简单时。关於这方面可以参考这篇文章，了解如何在现在完成时和一般过去时之间做选择。

始於过去且目前持续在做的动作

• They haven't lived here for years.

• She has worked in the bank for five years.

• We have had the same car for ten years.

• Have you played the piano since you were a child?

当提及的时间点还没结束

• I have worked hard* this week*.

• It has rained a lot this year.

• We haven't seen her today.

在过去到现在之间不具体的时间范围内重复做的动作

• They have seen that film six times

• It has happened several times already.

• She has visited them frequently.

• We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

刚结束的动作（加 JUST）

• Have you just finished work?

• I have just eaten.

• We have just seen her.

• Has he just left?

当动作的确切时间并不重要或未知时

• Someone* has eaten my soup*!

• *Have you seen *'Gone with the Wind'?

• *She's studied *Japanese, Russian, and English.

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/present-perfect/>

四、现在完成进行时（have been doing）

—某一动作开始于过去，延续到现在或重复的出现到现在，或继续延续到将来

_(:3」∠)_现在完成进行时与现在完成时相比更强调从过去到现在的时间里动作、状态一直持续/反复出现

1.发生在说话前（发生在过去）

2.持续到说话时（刚停或者仍然进行）

我刚刚切了十分钟的辣椒——现在完成进行时

我刚刚切过了辣椒——现在完成时态

我昨天晚上切的辣椒——一般过去式

我昨天晚上之前切过了辣椒——过去完成时

我昨天晚上之前切了十分钟的辣椒——过去完成进行时

比完成时多了进展和语气

现在完成进行时的构成

现在完成进行时是由两个要素构成：Be 动词的现在完成时 (have/has
been)，加上主要动词（原型+ing）的现在分词。

主词	has/have been	动词原型 + ing
She	has been	swimming

肯定句：She has been / She's been running.

否定句：She hasn't been running.

疑问句：Has she been running?

否定型疑问句：Hasn't she been running?

现在完成进行时，以「TO LIVE」为例：

肯定句	否定句	疑问句
**I **have been living	I haven't been living	Have I been living?
You have been living	You haven't been living	Have you been living?
He, she, it has been living	He hasn't been living	Has she been living?
We have been living	We haven't been living	Have we been living?
You have been living	You haven't been living	Have you been living?
They have been living	They haven't been living	Have they been living?

现在完成进行时的作用

现在完成进行时涉及以前到现在一段不明确的时间，谈的是某件已经发生的事，但也许还没有结束，强调的是动作的过程和产生的结果，而且这个过程可能还会持续着，或者可能才刚结束。

始于过去且当下仍在持续的动作

She has been waiting for you all day (= 而且她现在还在等待).

I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=
而且我还没做完).

They have been travelling since last October (= 而且他们还没回家).

刚结束的动作，但说话者要强调的是这个动作产生的结果，或对现在造成的影响

She has been cooking since last night (= 而且桌上的食物看起来很美味).

It's been raining (= 街道上还是湿的).

Someone's been eating my chips (= 半包没了).

不用在进行时的动词

对于不用在进行时的动词，就使用现在完成时。例如：I've wanted to visit China
for years.

She's known Robert since she was a child.

I've hated that music since I first heard it.

I've heard a lot about you recently.

We've understood everything.

we've heard this morning.

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/present-perfect-continuous/>

现在完成时态 vs 现在完成进行时态

现在完成时态	现在完成进行时态
强调已经完成的次数： I have read three books.	强调状态本身或者行为持续了多久： I have been reading those three books for the past two weeks
关注行为的结果或完成情况： I have read this book.(the book is finished but we don’t know when)	关注行为本身： I have been reading this book.(we don’t know if this book is finished or not)
已经完成	完成状态未知

第三课：时态语法-发生在将来

2018年9月15日

13:54

一、一般将来时

1.present continuous（现在进行时）

现在进行时态讨论的是针对将来的计划或者明确的安排

2.will do （预测；临时决定）

Tell me all about it and I will pass on the information to the rest of the
team.（告诉我，我将会把信息传递给我的队员们——临时决定）

3.is /are going to do （有计划）

We are going to hire a bus（我们将要租一辆公交——有计划）

表达已经考虑过并且打算实施的将来的某种行为

4.be about to do（表示即将可能发生的事情，马上，常与when连起用）

I am about to go to the airport when hhe calls
me.（我正要去机场，这时候他给我打了个电话）

Be not about to do表示说话者没有意图做某事

二、将来进行时

Will be doing

• 描述或预测在将来某一特定时间或者某一端时间持续发生的事情或者状态

• 谈论已经计划好的事情或者已经决定的事情

本质：将来的那个具体时候，正在做。

Can I call you at 8 o'clock tonight?

No. I will be working on the report then.（then表示的就是八点）

三、将来完成时

Will have done

本质：截止到将来的某个时间，已经完成了——结果

特征：截止到——by、until、before（不需要提到时间的长短）

I will have finished it by next
Friday.（截止到下周五我就做完了，现在还在做，但是到周五就完成了）

In a week's time I'll have written the report.（再过一个星期我就能写好报告了。）

四、将来完成进行时

Will have been doing

表示在将来的一段时间之前某个动作或者状态存在了多久，句子中通常会提到时间的长度。

本质：截止到将来某个时间，已经做了多久——过程

特征：截止到——by、until、before

做多久——for+段

By next Friday. I will have been working here for ten
years.（已经工作十年，强调的不是结果，是过程）

The future in the past

在表达过去计划过的事情没有或者不会发生的时候，用was/were going to , was/were
planning to, was/were about to

I was going to leave this morning but they cancelled my
flight.（我本来打算今天早上离开，但他们取消了我的航班。）

第四课：虚拟语气

2018年9月15日

15:08

一、判断

1.本质

假的

说完一句话之后，表达的意思是假的，或者这个事情在将来不怎么有可能会发生->虚拟语气

2.表现形式

时态；情态动词

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

If it had rained yesterday, my vegetable would't have died.

I shoud have gone with him.

二、虚拟语气中的时态

if后面的就是从句，从退主将

	从句动词	主句动词wcms
与现在相反	过去式 Did、were	Wcms+do
与过去相反	Had done	Wcms+have+done
将来不可能	1.同现在 2.should do 3.were to do	Wcms+do

三、虚拟中的青情态语气

情态动词+have done

表示对过去事务的遗憾、惋惜

1.should have done 本应该

2.needn't have done 本不必

3.could have done 本来能

4.might have done 本可能

第五课：情态动词

2018年9月16日

14:36

情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,will,would,shall,ought to
need)是给出有关能力，可能性或者必要性的助动词

情态动词后面跟着不加to的不定式，情态动词形式不改变

He could speak(not he coulds speak)

Could you speak?(not Did you could speak)

一、常见的情态动词

Present现在时	can,can't,be able to,manage to,	I can't swim.
Past过去时	could,could't,be able to,manage to	They weren't able to find out his name.
Perfect完成时	Be able to,manage to	Have you managed to finish the report yet?
Future将来时	Be able to,manage to	I won't be able to meet you later

1.can/could ——能

表示能力：

此时could是can的过去式

I can swim.

He couldn't open the door because his naughty boy had locked it from the inside.

表示许可：

Can I borrrow the car?

表示有时会：

It's always cold in Zhejiang in winter but it can be warm at times.

表示推测，可能：

此时can=could

can常用于否定句和疑问句中

谈论现在和能力，can/could比be able to更常用：
Can you remember much about it(=Are you able to remember?)

谈论过去某特定场合的能力时，用coult't,was(n't)/were(n't) able to
do，而不能用could

The police were able to find out that he could speak French and Chinese.(not The
police could find out ……)

有时候用manage to do sth表示某事很难达成：

I've finally managed to give up smoking after all these years.（注意过去式）

Be able to或manage to可用于完成时或将来时的形式

Within a year he's been able to remember quite a lot.(not within a year he can
……)

can的其他用法

可以用来表示sometimes：

People can do funny thing when they've experienced something terrible(= people
sometimes do funny thing )

也可以用can来提出要求和给予许可：

Can I……

Yes, you can……

可能性

could/may/might表达相同的可能性

Couldn't 和can't表达的可能性相同，常用于谈论过去

May not和might not表达的可能性不同于couldn't（couldn't是不能，might
not是可能不）

**manage to是设法做到（然而还没有做到）**

**be able to是有能力做到（然而还没有做到）**

**can/could是之前已经做过（做过了做过了做过了啊啊啊）**

所以哪怕只有一次做过了也请给我用can（显得更自然一些也不会出错）

2.may——能

推测：可能

May not 可能不 （can't=could't 不可能）

May well not 很可能不

请求

May I come in .

3.must——一定是

表必须

Must:说话人主管要求

Have to：客观规律

You must buy a book before the class.

I am going to Florence next week so I will have to buy a guidebook.

疑问句中，常翻译为“非得”

Must you play the guitar so loudly? I can hardly pay attention to my book.

4.need

做情态动词不能用于肯定句

Need I go there with you?

You needn't do it.

做实义动词

Need to do

Nedd doing = nedd to be done

现在（不）可能

用may （not），might（not），could（n't），must，can't +
不带to的不定式来谈论当前的可能性

He may remember …..

He could remember …..

He can't be ……

He can remember…..

用may （not），might（not），could（n't），must，can't + +be
doing来谈论说话间可能正在发生的或者进展中事情（不是be动词就是tm的be啊啊）

They must be having……

She might be talking to her sister om the phone now.

过去（不）可能

用may （not），might（not），could（n't），must，can't +
+have+过去分词来谈论说话间可能正在发生的或者进展中事情

He must have hit……

He could have had……

用may （not），might（not），could（n't），must，can't + +had been
doing来谈论说话间可能正在发生的或者进展中事情

He might have been trying to run away from his past.

将来（不）可能

用may （not），might（not），could（n't）+
不带to的不定式来谈论当前的可能性（和现在相比就是不能用must和can，将来的事情都没有发生怎么用绝对啊八嘎）

He could make a total recovery one day.

用may （not），might（not），could（n't），must，can't + +be
doing来谈论未来某个时间按点的事情（和现在进行一模一样和啊喂）

I might be meeting John later.

书面文本中的可能性和观点

情态动词在书面语中起到软化信息的作用：

People are unkind…… ❌

People can be unkind…… ✔

二、情态动词

副词certainly，probably，possibly，perhaps和maybe等也可以用于表达于情态动词相同的观点

He had probably been attacked = he must have been attacked.

可以用it + be +
certain/likely/probably/possible/impossible来表达能力，概率和可能性

It is possible that the train will be late = the train might be late.

情态动词+have done

1.表示对过去的预测

Must have done 过去一定

Can't / couldn't have done 过去不可能

May / might have done 过去可能

第六课：定语/关系从句

2018年9月17日

18:06

一、概念

1.定语：用来修饰名词的部分【放在名词的前面或者后面，他是一个漂亮的女孩（漂亮）】

2.定语从句：用来修饰名词的从句【用来修饰名词的句子】

3.先行词：被修饰的名词

The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes (which she waers.)

clothes是先行词了，括号内的就是定语从句了，修饰的是clothes这个名词，which叫连接词用来连接前后两个句子了，同时which也指代clothes这个词

4.关系代词

关系：连接主句从句，重复的指代了先行词

功能：代替先行词在从句中做人、物（事）

特点：从句不完整

5。关系副词

关系：连接主句从句，重复的指代了先行词

副词：修饰动词或者整个句子的，做的是状语（时间，地点或者原因，去掉其实对语法没有关系呢）

特点：从句本身完整

1. 指代人 who , whom ,that

2. 指代事务 which,that。

3. 所属关系 whose,of which

4. 指地点 where

5. 指时间 when

6. 指原因 why

二、如何写一个定语从句的句子

前提

两个简单句，有相同的名词或者第二个句子有一个代词，指代整个第一句

步骤

定主次；次放后；去次名；加关系；

若去名词——加which、who、that

若去名词's——加whose

若去in/on/at等+名词——加where、when、why

关系子句

关系子句在句中并不是不可或缺的元素，纯粹是增添句子的意义，就算去掉了子句，剩下的句子在文法上仍不受影响。

限定子句

当我们在一句话中同时提及多个人事物时，限定子句会表明我们指的是何者。如果限定关系子句从句中移除，就会大大地改变了整句话的意思。限定关系子句不会用逗号或括号来与主要子句隔开。

举例

• The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.

• The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.

• The man who stole my backpack has been arrested.

• The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

非限定子句

非限定子句的作用，是对句中论及的人事物给予额外的信息。如果非限定关系子句从句中移除，句子的整体意思并未改变，顶多少了点信息。非限定子句一般会用逗号或括号来与主要子句隔开。

举例

• The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us 10 pounds of potatoes.

• Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or
  more adults.

• The author, who graduated from the same university I did, gave a
  wonderful presentation.

• My mother, who is 86, lives in Paris.

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/relative-clauses/>

第七节：名词性从句

2018年9月17日

19:44

一、判断从句

1.本质：从句=名词

2.判断：去掉该从句之后，剩余部分不完整

二、连词的选用

1.从句不完整

2.从句完整，看翻译

不用翻译：that

需要翻译：whether/if;where;when;how;why;which（哪一个）等

栗子：

____ people kill too many animals for money makes animas endangered.

如果把红色部分给去掉了的话那么makes animas
endangered就不成立了，由此得出红色部分是主语，然后又是一大段的句子，所以是主语从句

那么对于主语从句，如果把第一个词给去掉只剩下people kill too many animals for
money的话会发现这个句子竟然是完整的，所以应该填写的是that

That people kill too many animals for money makes animas endangered.

____makes animals endangered is ______ people kill too many animals.

红色部分是主语这个和上面的一样，但是少主语了，那就添加what or
who，填写的应该是what

is是系动词，后面是表语，所以这就是一个标准的主系表结构了

后面那句表语people kill too many
animals.把括号内的东西去掉之后也可以单独成句，所以填写that了

What makes animals endangered is that people kill too many animals.

系语：系动词，亦称连系动词（Linking
Verb），是用来帮助说明主语的动词。它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，其后必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

来自
<https://www.bing.com/knows/search?q=%e7%b3%bb%e5%8a%a8%e8%af%8d&mkt=zh-cn&FORM=BKACAI>

栗子2：用来强调

I really like reading novels. I don't enjoy watching TV.

强调：What I don’t enjoy is watching tv .

第八课：状语从句

2018年9月17日

21:10

一、判断从句

两个完整的句子，通过逻辑联系在一起

二、连词的选择：看翻译

让——让步 although;though;while;even if=even though;no matter….尽管，就算是

木——目的 in order that = so that 防止; in case 万一

条——条件 if ; in case; as long as 只要; unless 除非=if .. not

原——原因 because; as ; for ; since

地——地点 where

结果——so\such…..that

实——时态 when; before; until等等

第九课：非谓语动词

2018年9月17日

21:17

一、概念

谓语：一个句子一个谓语

时态，人称和数，情态动词（比如一个句子里面不能同时出现两种时态）

非谓语：数量不限

动词群以 to do , doing ,done开头，但是像having been done
就是了，因为having=have+doing呀

The human body consists of organs,each____ a definite job to do

一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词consists，所以不能再有谓语动词了，所以AB直接自爆

1. Have ——前面复数了，❌

2. To have ——eath to have？？ ❌

3. Has ——你家器官刚刚在工作？ ❌

4. Having——你家器官是正在工作啊弟弟 ✔

二、to do的用法

1.变形形式

To do（主动+将来）被动就是be done

To be done（被动+将来）

To have done（主动+完成了+固定结构）

To have been done（被动+完成了+固定结构）

He is said to have left this
city.他据说已经离开城市了。（主动离开的， leave过去是left）

He is said to have been fired last mouth.他据说被炒鱿鱼了。（被动的，所以是have
been done了）

2.常见用法

1. To do 表示目的

2. Only to do 表示意料之外的结果

Lift a stone only to drop it on your own feet. 搬石头砸脚（我 自 己 砸 我 自
己）

C. 有一些动词后面必须加to do

本质：将来

栗子：

The airport ______ next year will help promote tourism.

机场能自己完成自己嘛？你说你🐎呢，所以是被动啊，AC自爆

1. To complete ——主动 ❌

2. To be completed —— 明年完成，to do表将来 ✔

3. To have complete——主动 ❌

4. Having been completed—— 都说了是明年了，这个是已经完成了 ❌

三、doing的用法

1.doing的形式

doing（主动+同时）

Being done（被动+同时）

Having done（主动+完成了）

Having been done （被动+完成了）

2.doing的用法

1. 表示伴随

2. 表示意料之中的事情

3. 常加doing的万恶的固定搭配

Following the teacher, three students came into the classroom.

三个学生跟着老师进了教室，跟着老师，学生主动跟的，一边走进来一边跟着，所以叫伴随

The retired man devoted all his saving , making the students return to school.

那个退休的老人捐献的他所有的钱让穷学生们重返校园，捐了钱肯定就会重返校园啊，所以就是意料之中了。

To do和doing的区别终极总结版：

To do是描述未来的事情，stop to do就是停止A去做B的意思，to
do后面肯定是未来发生的事情（B尚未开始）

doing是描述现在的事情，stop doing只有停止A的意思，因为A是正在做的

四、done的用法

1.本质：被动+完成

2.不做主语和宾语

在国外收到教♂育是我的长期梦想（被动，但是不能用done）

Being educated is my long dream.

_____ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childern's love
of art.

这个学校是自己把自己建起来了还是 被建立
呀？被动啊所以ABD全部自爆，所以只能是C，而且是过去时

1. To found

2. Founding

3. Founded ✔

4. Having honunded

第十课：名词形容词副词

2018年9月18日

19:27

名词：可数名词 vs 不可数名词

1.规则名词变复数

1. 一般的词，包括原音字母加y结尾的词，直接在末尾+s

2. 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词在词尾+es

3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变成y为i再++es

4. 以f或fe结尾的词，应为f或fe为v再+es

2.特殊名词

1.只有复数形式的名词：

Clothes,trousers,jeans,tiwns,glasses,scissors,good等

2.集体名词视具体情况而定

Family,class,staff,crew,team,audence等

修饰名词的量词

1. few/fewer + 可数； little/less + 不可数

2. Many + 可数；much + 不可数

3. A number of + 可数 the number of +数量； an/the amount of + 不可数；

4. 都可以：lots of = a lot of；plenty of；all/some/none/more/most of

位置

一.形容词的位置

1.名词前

2.系动词后 主语+系动词+形容词

It sounds good.

3.宾语补充主语 主语+谓语+宾语+形容词

You made me crazy！❤

4.be,because,get,seen,appear,look,smell,taste,feel的后面(….. Seem pleased)

5.find，make，keep后面（make you trip enjoyable)

二、副词位置

用来修饰动词或者整个句子

三、形容词的顺序

Small mountain village

Hot black coffee，多热算热？不知道，但是我们知道黑的意思，所以黑放后面

A beautiful old round
table，多美叫美？多老是老，但是圆就是园，所以圆放在最后面，然后是old，最后才是美丽的

特质：那个更客观，那个更具体，就放到后面呢

当动词或者名词后面有两个或者更多的形容词时，在最后两个中间加上and

四、形容词变化形式

形容情感的形容词是由动词变化而来.有两种可能的形式，通常都是-ed or -ing，

Im interstined in math =for me, math is intersting.

ed用来描述我们自己的感受是什么样的

ing用来描述引发情感的人或事

五、常见的几组副词对比

一般情况：形容词+ly=副词

问：friendly是副词嘛？（friend是名词，所以这个就不是副词了）

特殊：

1.hard：形容词/副词 vs hardly：副词（几乎不）

2.high/hightly （抽象的）：副词

deep/deeply （抽象的）：副词

副词

副词给出有关时间when，地点where，方式how，频率how often或强度how
much。副词有时可以是单个词或词组。

• 方式：这类副词lucky）

• 经常由形容词-ly构成：careful-carefully，happy-happily（以y结尾的改y变i+ly）

• 地点：跟在动词后面：near the old part of the city.（副词从句）

• 时间：….. Last year.

• 频率：通常跟在动词前面，be动词后面：I often do th; he's never late.

• 强度：

  1. weaker：fairly，quite，rather，pretty

  2. common：very，extremrly，highly，really

  3. stronger：absolutely，completely，totally

当某些两个以上的副词同时出现在句子结尾的时候，方式->地点->时间

I'll meet you outside the station at six o'clock.

不定式

有些形容词后面可以+to
不定式来表达情感来增加他的意思（able，likey，right，wrong，lucky）

I 'm hally to answer you question.

一些形容词后面可以用介词+-int形式

Good at taking sth.（not good to take sth）

第十一课：形容词副词比较级

2018年10月6日

16:24

形容词的比较级

形容词	比较级	最高级
单元音形容词：hard	形容词+er：harder	The+形容词+est：the hardest
以e结尾单原因形容词：nice	形容词+r：nicer	The+形容词+st：the nicest
以元音+辅音单音节结尾的形容词：fat	形容词+最后的辅音字母重复+er：fatter	the+形容词+最后的辅音字母重复+est
以y结尾的双音节形容词happy	形容词去y+ier：happier	the+形容词去y+iest：the happiest
双音节或多音节形容词：enjoyable	more+形容词：more enjoyable	The most+形容词：the most enjoyable
不规则形容词：good，bad，far	Better，worse，further/father	The best，the worst，the furthest/farthest

比较级

形容词的比较级用于比较两个或更多的事情、人或地方：

Younger runners will always be faster than older runners.

不同时间的同一事物：

Much fitter than…..

形容词的比较级后面加than表示进行比较的事物，

当被比较的事物在上下文都很清楚的时候，不需要than从句：

Older runners are getting faster and faster.(than in the past)

最高级

形容词的最高级用于群体中的某事物与该群体中剩余其他事物作比较：

The Olympics is problem the most exciting sports event in the sports calendar.

• One of the/some of the+最高级+复数名词：some of the best athletes

• 序数词：the third best

The 可以用形容词性的物主代词替换：

My best friend

His greatest achievement

副词的比较级

most/more + 副词用于某事进行的状况：more rapidly，the most markedly

与形容词一样的副词就用形容词的变化方法来 （hard->harder->hardest）

He run faster every year.

某些的不规律变化（well，better…..）

I did worse yesterday.

其他表示比价的方法

less/the least 表示 more/the most的反义词

强调：

• even，far，a great deal，a little，a lot， much+比较级（much greater）

• 正式英语中，用slightly，considerably，significantly+比较级

• 不能用very+比较级

As + 形容词/副词 + as 来形容两件事相同或相似

Not as + 形容词/副词 + as 来形容两件事不同

重复比较级可以说明事物的发生已经有了一段时日： Things are getting better and
better.

The +比较级+the+比较级来表达两件事物同时变化或者改变：The sooner the better.

比较数量

quantifier	comparative	superlative
A lot/much/many	more	The most
A few	Fewer(+plural countable noun)	The fewest(+ plural countable noun)
A little	Less(+ uncountable noun)	The least(uncountable noun)

• 复数名词或不可数名词，可以用more或most来比较数量（more money）

• 可以将fewer或the fewest与复数可数名词连用（fewer women）

• less或the least与不可数名词连用（less information）

强调：

• A lot/many + more/fewer+复数可数名词（many more opportunities）

• A lot/much + more/less+不可数名词（much more training）

• 重复 more/less/fewer（more and more money）

可以用（not）as many/much +复数不可数名词（+as）来说明事物是相同或存在差异的：

There aren't as many people doing sports at schools(as there used to be)

可以用half，twice，three times 等于as many /much ….. as来增加更多特定的信息：

In 2004 China won nearly twich as many silver medas as the US.

可以用like，the same （as），similarto等词来表达事物之间如何相似

Older athletes can achieve the same degree of physical improvement as thos in
their twnties and thiries.

第十二课：名词短语

2018年10月7日

15:05

名词短语

名词短语是名词为其主要部分的一组短语。有关名词的信息可以放在名词前或名词后。

名词短语放在名词前：

• 限定词(a/an/the……) this horrible movie

• 形容词或副词 a rish person

名词短语放在名词后：

• 介词短语 an abundance of creatures

• 过去分词从句 contained in the harbour

• 现在分词从句 the rubbish lying at the bottom of the harbour

• to-不定式从句 a decision to expand

名词+介词词组

可以通过介词从句在名词后面增加信息(of,in,fir,on,to,with)

Possible site with submerged rubbish

of用于数词或者量词后：Number of ……. A bottle of ……

也可以用of表示归属和占有：….. of the past

at，in表示范围：at the bottom，in school

包含with的介词短语与主要名词have的关系从句表达相同的意思

Sea tulips with bright red bodies(= sea tulips which have bright red bodies)

名词+过去分词从句

在口语和书面语中，名词+过去分词从句的使用要比其等同的关系从句更常见，因为用的词更少（这样就没办法水作文了啊kmr！）

The data collected from the site(=the data which is collected from the sites)

名词+现在分词从句

同上

The order debris lying on the sea floor (=the other debris which is lying on the
sea floor)

名词+to-不定式

表达一种目的或意图，通常在时间，地点，方式和数量名词的后面

Time to go

后面跟着不定式的名词也可以跟着不定式的动词：our plan to build a new
hospital(plan to)

第十三课：义务和必要性

2018年10月9日

20:46

义务和必要性

must，have to，have got to和need to来表达义务性和必要性：

You'll need to ……

You have to ……

You mustn't ……(你不能)

must是一个情态动词，所以形式没有变化（没有 he musts这种说法的）

当这件事情说话者想要你这么干的时候，要用must

You must invite me to visit you.(the speaker wants)

当存在一种制度限制你的时候，have to或need to比must更常用，

现在时：must，have to，have got to和need to

过去和将来时：have to和need to ：you will have to learn ……（not you will must
learn）

must和ought to通常不用于疑问句中

无义务

Not have to，not need to和needm't

Must not和don't have to，don't need
to，needn't的意思不一样，前者是“不准”，后者是“没必要”

谈论过去无义务，可以用needn't have+过去分词，didn't need to 或 didn't have to：

We didn't have to…….

I needn't to …… （it is not necessary）

Didn't need to和needn't
have有区别，前者是我根本不需要做某事所以我也没去做，后者是指我已经做了某事了但是我发现那件事是没必要的

谈到将来的时候，可以用not have to或者 not need to：

I hope I won't have to work late tonight.（记得加will啊啊啊啊）

意见和建议

可以用情态动词should和ought to来提出意见

Ought:

aux. 应该，应当；大概

vi. 应该，应当；大概

You should do sth.

You ought to do sth.

频率副词

表示频率的副词（always）可以出现在情态动词后面：

You should always.

可以在动词前面+really来做特别强调：

You really have to do sth.（你真的必须做

正式书面用语

表达义务，必要性意见和意见的动词在提出观点之后的正式的写作和学术创作中很重要（其实即使就是软化观点）

第十四课：直述句和转述句

2018年10月13日

15:03

他说：“我喜欢你。”—— 直接引语

他说他喜欢你。—— 间接引语

=

直述句

直述句是重复或引用他人说过的每个字。当我们在写作中使用直述句时，会在引用的字句前后标上双引号，并完整引用他人说过的话。我们会转述某人在「此刻」讲的话（例如在讲电话时），或在稍后把先前的对话转告他人。

• She says, "What time will you be home?"

• She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "

• "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

• John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

转述句

转述句通常用来谈过去的事，因此我们通常会改变句子的时态。我们会用
say丶tell丶ask 等转述词，并用 that 来引导要转述的话，不加引号。

She said, "I saw him." (直述句) = She said that she had seen him.
(转述句)

「that」可以省略：

She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.

「SAY」和「TELL」

当句中没有受词时，用「say」：

He said that he was tired.

当谈到谁跟谁讲了话，一律用「tell」（即间接受词）：

He told me that he was tired.

「TALK」和「SPEAK」

用这些动词来描述交谈的动作：

He talked to us.

She was speaking on the telephone.

在这些动词后面加「about」来指谈论的事：

He talked (to us) about his parents.

主将从现

在直述句改为转述句时，一般要将直述句的时态往前推

She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.

直述句的说法	对应的转述句
一般现在时	一般过去时
"I always drink coffee", she said	She said that she always drank coffee.
现在进行时	过去进行时
"I am reading a book", he explained.	He explained that he was reading a book
一般过去时	过去完成时
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.	He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.

如果转述动词是现在时，或原陈述句的内容对现在来说依然是如此（或者是已经完成了的），就不必改变时态。例如：

• He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.

• We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

这些情态助词在转述句并不会改变：might, could, would, should, ought to

• We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." = We explained
  that it could be difficult to find our house.

• She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She said that
  she might bring a friend to the party.

=

时间参考

直述句的說法	對應的轉述句
today	that day
"I saw him today", she said.	She said that she had seen him that day.
yesterday	the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.	She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday	two days before
"I met her** the day before yesterday**", he said.	He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow	the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said	He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow	in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.	They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year	the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.	She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year	the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.	He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago	before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.	He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)	that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.	She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives)	the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked	He asked if I liked the shirt.
here	there
He said, "I live here".	He told me he lived there.

一般來說，人稱代名詞會改為第三人稱單數或複數，但如果說話的人轉述的是自己的話則除外：

I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours = him/his/her/hers

we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours = they/their/theirs

He said: "I like your new car." = He told her that he liked her new car.

I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." = I said that I was going to my
friend's hous

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/changing-time-and-place-references/>

转述问题

转述问题不能带问号！

字词顺序

一般转述疑问句的字词顺序是将主词调到动词前，而且不必再使用 do 或 did：

举例

直述句	转述句
"Where does Peter live?"	She asked him where Peter lived.
"Where are you going?"	She asked where I was going.
"Why is she crying?"	He asked why she was crying.

YES/NO 问句

这类问句会用 ask + if / whether + 子句来转述：

whether——时候，两个中一个

举例

直述句	转述句
"Do you speak English?"	He asked me if I spoke English.
"Are you British or American?"	He asked me whether I was British or American.
"Is it raining?"	She asked if it was raining.
"Have you got a computer?"	He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
"Can you type?"	She asked if I could type.
"Did you come by train?"	He enquired whether I had come by train.
"Have you been to Bristol before?"	She asked if I had been to Bristol before.

疑问词

这类问句会用 ask（或其他类似 ask 的动词）+ 疑问词 +
子句来转述。子句含问句的内容，动词要移到最后面，并在必要时改变动词的时态。

举例

直述句	转述句
"What is your name?" he asked me.	He asked me what my name was.
"How old is your mother?", he asked.	He asked how old her mother was.
The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?"	The policeman asked the boy where he lived.
"What time does the train arrive?" she asked.	She asked what time the train arrived.
"When can we have dinner?" she asked.	She asked when they could have dinner.
Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?"	Peter asked John why he was so late.

来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/question-forms-and-reported-speech/>

其他方法

也可以用其他方式来表达转述话语，如according
to（在口语，书面语中很常见），apparently，supposedly，seemingly（在口语中更常见）

转述动词

• 过去式+that

• 过去式+someone+that

• 过去式+to-原型

• 过去式+someone+to-原型

• 过去式+介词+ing(动词ing变名词)/noun：He complained about the terrible food,

• 过去式+someone+介词+ing/noun

• 过去式+ing/noun：The doctor denied having financial problems.

• 过去式+someone/noun：He offer her a job