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!非盈利非盈利非盈利！
这段话应该会出现在笔者所有雅思笔记的上面吧我想~
这个是2018年九月份咸鱼笔者突击雅思整理的笔记，由于笔者国内的学校基本上没有教任何关于语法的知识导致grammar比洋人还差，一般情况下西方学校英文最好最标准的都是大陆or香港仔(笑)
本系列的所有教程均按照浙江教育出版社的 剑桥雅思语法精讲 的顺序来安排的，建议配套？（反正都是自学）
本笔记仅用于个人复习所用，部分内容设计XDF和英孚国际的教程，希望不要找我麻烦啦（跪地求饶）
*时态构成公式：
现在/过去+将来+完成+进行
现在/过去+will do + have done + be doing
加号旁边的两个词可以组成一个新的词：过去+will=would,do+have还是have，done+be=been，do+be=be【就是把后面一个词变成前面一个词的形式，类似于be的do形式，也就是一般式】
举个例子，过去完成进行时，过去+完成 had done,进行是be doing,
Done + be 把be变成been，注意是变化后面那个，所以过去完成进行时就是had been
doing.
再来一个将来进行时，will be doing
将来完成时：will have done
=
一、一般过去时
一般过去时（did，was/were）
-
过去完成的动作或者情况（通常情况下句子会给你时间或者时间点，再不然就是整个文章都是有时态限制的），过去某特定时间的动作和状态（昨天下午我摔倒了）
-
表示过去习惯性的动作，过去经常反复发生的动作（我过去常常…..）
-
有时候代替一般现在表委婉客气（暗示would u like...）
-
按照发生顺序描述的一系列事件（我推门进来，拿起钱包后又开门出去）
注意：表示过去的词如yesterday，last year，in 2016，one day
ago不可以与recently，in the past 20years，this month连用
只要用了一般过去时，那么他就只能发生在过去，换言之也就是现在不这样了
I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ____ there several years ago.
-
Are going ——已经出现ago了就不能用现在进行时，❌
-
Had been
——过去完成时表示的是某一件在过去的过去发生的事情在过去完成了，这里并没有过去的过去，❌ -
Went——几年前去过了，有一个明确的时间点，✔
-
Have
been——如果说以前去过，去几次，现在还在不在都很模糊不知道的话就用现在完成，但是这里有明确的时间点了，❌
一般过去时的作用
一般过去时用来谈论以前完成的动作。持续多久并不重要，动作的发生时间可能是不久之前或很久以前。(有明确的时间点！！！！)
举例
-
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
-
My father died last year.
-
He lived in Fiji in 1976.
-
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
每当谈到某事发生的时间，一律要用一般过去时；因此它和过去特定的时间词有关。
-
频率：often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school. -
明确的时间点：last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night -
不明确的时间点：the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago. -
She played the piano when she was a child.
注：「ago」这个字非常好用，可以表达现在到过去的时间有多长。ago
一律放在一段时间之后：a week ago、three years ago、a minute ago 等。
要注意：也许在您的母语中，也有与英语中的一般过去时类似的时态；但意思上不见得相同。
一般过去时的构成
规则动词在一般过去时的型态
| 肯定句 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 主词 | + 动词原型 + ed | |
| I | skipped. | |
| 否定句 | ||
| 主词 | + did not | + 不带有 to 的不定词 |
| They | didn't | go. |
| 疑问句 | ||
| Did | + 主词 | + 不带有 to 的不定词 |
| Did | she | arrive? |
| 否定疑问句 | ||
| Did not | + 主词 | + 不带有 to 的不定词 |
| Didn't | you | play? |
TO WALK
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I walked | I didn't walk | Did I walk? |
| You walked | You didn't walk | Did you walk? |
| He walked | He didn't walk | Did he walk? |
| We walked | We didn't walk | Did we walk? |
| They walked | They didn't walk | Did they walk? |
TO BE丶TO HAVE丶TO DO 的一般过去时
| 主词 | 动词 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Be | Have | Do | |
| I | was | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| He/She/It | was | had | did |
| We | were | had | did |
| You | were | had | did |
| They | were | had | did |
肯定句、否定句和疑问句的额外补充
肯定句
一般过去时的肯定句非常简单。
-
I was in Japan last year
-
She had a headache yesterday.
-
We did our homework last night.
否定句和疑问句
「do」为一般动词，在一般过去时上，否定句和疑问句会用到助动词「do」。例如：We didn't
do our homework last night.
在一般过去时的「have」否定型态，通常以助动词「do」构成，但有时候只要加「not」或缩写「n't」即可。
在一般过去时的「have」疑问型态，一般会使用助动词「do」。
举例
-
They weren't in Rio last summer.
-
We didn't have any money.
-
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
-
We didn't do our exercises this morning.
-
Were they in Iceland last January?
-
Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
-
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
注：对于所有一般过去时的动词，在否定型态和疑问型态上，一律用助动词「did」。
一般过去时的不规则动词
一般过去时有几个不规则动词，以下是几个最常用的不规则动词。
TO GO
-
He went to a club last night.
-
Did he go to the cinema last night?
-
He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
-
We gave her a doll for her birthday.
-
They didn't give John their new address.
-
Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
-
My parents came to visit me last July.
-
We didn't come because it was raining.
-
Did he come to your party last week?
来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/simple-past-tense/>
二、过去进行时was/were doing
当时未完成
当时的背景
强调过程
用法：过去某个时间正在发生
本质：
1.强调当时（过去的那个时候）没有完成
2.为其他动作提供背景，通常会用到when，while，as这样的词汇（when，while）It
happened at five in the afternoon while she was watching the news on TV.
*一般过去时VS过去进行时
| 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 |
|---|---|
| 已完成，强调结果 | 但是未完成，当时的背景，强调过程 |
| Last year I worked at the ciname,studied for my degree and writing |
过去进行时的作用
过去进行时描述以前的动作或事件，而且到说话的时候仍在持续。换句话说，这个时态表达过去未完成或不完整的动作。
它用于：
-
描述以过去时来写的故事背景，例如："The sun was shining and the
birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other
animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved
very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the
hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang
out, she was running towards the river..." -
描述未完成的动作，这个动作被另一个动作或事件给打断了。例如："I was
having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang." -
表达改变心意。例如："I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've
decided to get my homework done instead." -
与「wonder」连用，让要求的语气变得很客气。例如："I was wondering if you
could baby-sit for me tonight."
举例
-
They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
-
Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
-
When we arrived he was having a bath.
-
When the fire started I was watching television.
注：有些动词一般不会用在进行时，只用于一般过去时。
过去进行时的构成
任何动词的过去进行时都是以两个要素构成：Be 动词的过去时
(was/were)，以及主要动词原型 +ing。
| 主词 | was/were | 动词原型 + ing |
|---|---|---|
| They | were | watching |
| 肯定句 | ||
| She | was | reading |
| 否定句 | ||
| She | wasn't | reading |
| 疑问句 | ||
| Was | she | reading? |
| 否定疑问句 | ||
| Wasn't | she | reading? |
过去进行时，以 TO PLAY 为例
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I was playing | I was not playing | Was I playing? |
| You were playing | You were not playing | Were you playing? |
| He was playing | He wasn't playing | Was he playing? |
| We were playing | We weren't playing | Were we playing? |
| They were playing | They weren't playing | Were they playing? |
来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/past-continuous-tense/>
三、过去完成时
-
过去的某时刻前已经发生
-
因为上一条所以一定有一个在过去的参照物，表示该事情发生在 过去 的 过去
-
过去的过去（注意，若连续发生，像我推开门然后走进来，就当作一起发生了，用did）
-
如果事件按照年代顺序出现的话，使用的是一般过去时。
-
由时间状语（如when，as soon as，by the time，after）引出的说明时间的顺序
-
表示在过去的某个确定的时间点前的不明确时间（always，sometimes，never，before，by+固定时间）
过去完成时的作用
过去完成时涉及稍久以前发生的事，可以清楚表达某件事比另一件事还要早发生。哪件事先被提及并不重要——时态自然会表明哪件事先发生。
在这些例句中，「事件一」最早发生，而「事件二」后来才发生，或是不久前才发生：
| 事件一 | 事件二 |
|---|---|
| John had gone out | when I arrived in the office. |
| 事件一 | 事件二 |
| I had saved my document | before the computer crashed. |
| 事件二 | 事件一 |
| When they arrived | we had already started cooking. |
| 事件二 | 事件一 |
| He was very tired | because he hadn't slept well. |
过去完成时的构成
英语中的过去完成时是由两个要素形成：动词 have 的过去时 had +
主要动词的过去分词。
| 主词 | had | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | ||
| She | had | given. |
| 否定句 | ||
| She | hadn't | asked. |
| 疑问句 | ||
| Had | they | arrived? |
| 否定疑问句 | ||
| Hadn't | you | finished? |
过去完成时，以 TO DECIDE 为例：
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I had decided. | I hadn't decided. | Had I decided? |
| You had decided. | You hadn't decided. | Had you decided? |
| She had decided. | She hadn't decided. | Had she decided? |
| We had decided. | We hadn't decided. | Had we decided? |
| They had decided. | They hadn't decided. | Had they decided? |
在过去完成时用「JUST」
「just」用于过去完成时的时候，涉及某个动作比刚才再稍早一点发生。例如：
-
The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
-
She had just left the room when the police arrived.
-
I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/past-perfect-tense/>
四、过去完成进行时态
-
关注的是某一动作持续时间或者长短（该动作本身完成情况并不重要）
-
相对于过去某个时间来说已经对现在有直接影响并且还在进行的动作（指文中时态）
The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for severl
times by my son befor i cam back
home（强调两个这两个过去的过去的动作一真反复进行）
Mozart's sister was extremely gifted at the keyboard and she had been making
excellent progress.（focus on the activity）
Unfulfilled hopes
在描述过去的失望或者没有按照预期发生的事情，用过去完成时态
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