[TOC]

TCL

Transaction Control Language 事务控制语言

事务：

一个或一组sql语句组成一个执行单元，这个执行单元要么全部执行，要么全部不执行。

案例：转账

张三丰 1000
郭襄 1000

update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name='张三丰'
意外
update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name='郭襄'

事务的特性：
ACID

原子性：一个事务不可再分割，要么都执行要么都不执行
一致性：一个事务执行会使数据从一个一致状态切换到另外一个一致状态
隔离性：一个事务的执行不受其他事务的干扰
持久性：一个事务一旦提交，则会永久的改变数据库的数据.

/*
事务的创建
隐式事务：事务没有明显的开启和结束的标记
比如insert、update、delete语句

delete from 表 where id =1;

显式事务：事务具有明显的开启和结束的标记
前提：必须先设置自动提交功能为禁用

set autocommit=0;

步骤1：开启事务
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;可选的
步骤2：编写事务中的sql语句(select insert update delete)
语句1;
语句2;
...

步骤3：结束事务
commit;提交事务
rollback;回滚事务

savepoint 节点名;设置保存点



事务的隔离级别：
                            脏读  不可重复读   幻读
read uncommitted：  √        √               √
read committed：     ×       √               √
repeatable read：     ×      ×               √
serializable:            ×              ×                       ×

mysql中默认 第三个隔离级别 repeatable read
oracle中默认第二个隔离级别 read committed
查看隔离级别
select @@tx_isolation;
设置隔离级别
set session|global transaction isolation level 隔离级别;


开启事务的语句;
update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name='张三丰'

update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name='郭襄' 
结束事务的语句;



*/

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'autocommit';
SHOW ENGINES;

演示事务的使用步骤

#开启事务
SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;
#编写一组事务的语句
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username='张无忌';
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username='赵敏';

#结束事务
ROLLBACK;
#commit;

SELECT * FROM account;

演示事务对于delete和truncate的处理的区别

SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;

DELETE FROM account;
ROLLBACK;

演示savepoint 的使用

SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;
DELETE FROM account WHERE id=25;
SAVEPOINT a;#设置保存点
DELETE FROM account WHERE id=28;
ROLLBACK TO a;#回滚到保存点

SELECT * FROM account;

视图

含义：虚拟表，和普通表一样使用

mysql5.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据

/*
比如：舞蹈班和普通班级的对比
    创建语法的关键字    是否实际占用物理空间  使用

视图  create view     只是保存了sql逻辑  增删改查，只是一般不能增删改

表   create table        保存了数据       增删改查


*/

#案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';

创建视图

/*
语法：
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;

*/
USE myemployees;

#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id  = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id  = e.job_id;


#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';



#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别

#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②使用
SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;



#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;


SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

视图的修改

#方式一：
/*
create or replace view  视图名
as
查询语句;

*/
SELECT * FROM myv3 

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

#方式二：
/*
语法：
alter view 视图名
as 
查询语句;

*/
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

## 删除视图

/*

语法：drop view 视图名,视图名,...;
*/

DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;

查看视图

DESC myv3;

SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;

视图的更新

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;


SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;
#1.插入

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新


#①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group  by、having、union或者union all

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS

SELECT 'john' NAME;

SELECT * FROM myv2;

#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';





#③Select中包含子查询

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS

SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;


#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');



#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS

SELECT * FROM myv3;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv5;

UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;



#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS

SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
    SELECT  manager_id
    FROM employees
    WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';

案例

#一、创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';

#二、创建视图emp_v2，要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;


SELECT d.*,m.mx_dep
FROM departments d
JOIN emp_v2 m
ON m.department_id = d.`department_id`;