一、并列句
基本结构 : 简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
常见并列连词 :
* 并列顺承: and、 not only ... but also
* 对比转折: but / yet、 while
* 选择: or 、 either...or
⚠️ while出现在句子中间,一般表转折,“ 然而 ”的意思
Some people with a high BMI are in fast extremely fit, while others with a low BMI may be in poor shape.
* 主语 Some people 谓语 are
* 介词短语 with a high BMI 做后置定语修饰 Some people
* extremely = very
* while 在句中, 这是表示转折 “然后, 但是”
* 翻译 : 那些BMI很高的人,实际上他们的身材还不错,但是BMI较低的人可能身材不太好
二、复合从句
有从句,必然有主句,从句的标志就是引导词。
从句的引导词
有:
that、 which、who、what、when、where、why、how
2.1 主语从句
// 例:
That she is beautiful is true
* 这里第一个is 是隶属于从句的, 第二个is才是真正的谓语
* That she is beautiful 整个句子充当的是主句的主语; 是主语从句
* 翻译: 她很漂亮是真的
// 例 :
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
* 从句 That the seas are being overfished 做主语
* has been known 是谓语
* overfish 过度捕捞
* 翻译: 人们已经知道海洋被过度捕捞很多年了.
// 例 :
What motivated him was his zeal for “fundamental fairness.
* 第一个动词mativate属于从句: What motivated him
* 第二个动词was是真正的谓语
* motivated = encourage 刺激(v)
* zeal = Passion 热情 (n)
* fundamental = basic
* fairness 公平
* 翻译 : 刺激他的是 他对“基础公平”的热情
// 例 :
It is a little known fact / that there were already half a million Germans in America at the time of the American Revolution.
* That做真正的主语, it只是一个形式主语
* It is + 名词 + that + 从句 ; 这个结构不用怀疑它就是主语从句
* million 百万 ; billion 十亿 ; 4亿 = 0.4 billion
* 翻译:美国革命时,美国已有50万德国人,这是鲜为人知的事实。
Fortunately, the White House is staring to pay attention, but it’s obvious / that a majority of the presidents advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.
* obvious = clear 明显的
* a majority of = most
* take sth. seriously 严肃对待某事
* 翻译:幸运的是,白宫正在密切关注,但很明显,大多数总统顾问仍然不重视全球变暖。
It may be said / that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience.
* It may be said 据说; It is reported that … 据报道 ;
* that the measure of the worth of any social institution 是从句做主语,is 谓语
* social institution 社会制度
* large, en是动词前缀, enlarge 使变大,扩大
* 翻译: 据说,衡量任何社会制度价值的尺度都是其扩大和改善经验的效果
It has long been known / that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars / when customers thumb through their phone directories.
* thumb through 是翻阅的意思
* advantage 是优势的意思
* 翻译:众所周知,出租车公司以A开头的公司,在在顾客翻看电话簿时肯定比以Z开头的公司更有利
2.2 宾语从句
出现一个动词(v) + 一个从句, 这个从句一般就是宾语从句.
I know that she is beautiful
* 动词 know 是真正的谓语, is属于从句:that she is beautiful 充当宾语
* 翻译:我知道她很漂亮
Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract. as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
* argue是动词, 后面的 that是宾语从句
* Some philosophers 是主语
* philosophers 哲学家
* social contract 社会契约
* duties and entitlements 义务和权利
* 翻译时 主谓宾 不需要调序
* 后面的 as part of… , 出现了of时从后往前翻
翻译: 有些哲学家认为权利仅存在于社会契约中,作为义务和权利交换的一部分
Whether you can succeed depends on / how much time you spend on it
* Whether 和 how much 找到两个从句, 所以能找到三个动词, can succeed, depends on、 spend on
* 然后找到 depends on 是主句真正的谓语动词
* depends on之前的就是句子的主语,Whether you can succeed 充当主语从句
* depends on 后的从句就是句子的宾语,充当宾语从句
* 这个句子即有主语从句, 又有宾语从句
* 之前说过及物动词可直接加宾语, 但不及物动词不能直接加宾语, 可以加一个介词再接宾语, 所以这里是 depends on
* 翻译: 能否成功取决于你在它上面花多少时间
Germany thinks (that)the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness.
* 主语 Germany ,动词 think 是谓语, 后面接宾语从句
* 动词 save 属于从句, the euro must be saved 被动语态
* stricter rules 更严格的规则
* competitiveness 竞争力,竞争性的意思, 原型是:compete 动词
翻译: 德国认为,必须通过更严格的借贷、支出和竞争力规则来拯救欧元。
形容词 + 宾语从句
I am pretty confident /(that) we’re at the bottom.
* 形容词 confident: 自信的
* 宾语从句中的 that可省略,从句 we’re at the bottom 省略了一个that
* 翻译:我确信我们是倒数第一
2.3 表语从句
系动词 + 从句 就是表语从句
Part of the problem is / that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.
* be addicted to 沉迷于
* 翻译:问题的一部分是许多无家可归的成年人酗酒或吸毒成瘾.
One of the reasons / why the appointment came as such a surprise , however, is / that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
* 有两个引导词 why 和 that , 所以会找到三个动词 came、 is 和 is
* came属于why引导的从句;最后一个is 属于that引导的从句;第一个is是真正的谓语动词
* 接下来找主语 One of the reasons is ...
* 假如去掉why引导的从句, 变成 One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. 就是一个表语从句,翻译成: 其中的一个原因是吉尔伯特这个人相对鲜为人知.
* appointment 任命
* 翻译:然而,这一任命之所以如此出人意料,其中一个原因是吉尔伯特相对鲜为人知。
2.4 同位语从句
名词一般会有抽象名词和具体名词:
具体名词一般看到这个名词, 我们的脑海里就有具体的东西映射出来,而抽象名词就比较抽象, 在脑海中并没有具体的映射
具体的名词: 桌子、苹果、电脑...
抽象的名词 :观点、信念、观念…
一般只有遇到抽象名词时, 才会用从句进行解释说明一下这个名词的意思.
考试中常见的抽象名词: fact, truth, idea, opinion, view, theory
抽象名词 + that + 完整的句子 , 一般构成同位语从句
Evidence came up / that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
* 上面讲过 depends on , 介词on 后加宾语才能构成完整的意思, 所以depends on + that 构成了宾语从句
* 这里 come up 后面不需要加东西,Evidence came up (有证据表明), 这里就是完整的意思了, 所以 came up + that, 并不是宾语从句
* 这里的that从句是一个完整的句子, 它用来解释前面抽象名词 Evidence的, 所以这里是同位语从句
* come up with 提出、表明
* specific speech sounds 特定的说话声音 recognize 辨别,识别
* 翻译:有证据表明,6个月大的婴儿可以识别特定的说话声音
He helped popularize the idea / that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, / which aroused much controversy / when it was first suggested.
* 首先找到3个引导词: that 、 which 、 when
* 接下来找到动词: helped 、 thought 、 were、 aroused 、 was suggested
* aroused 属于which从句的谓语动词
* was suggested 是when从句的谓语动词
* not 用来否定 thought, 因为我们知道谓语动词不能直接用not来否定, 这里thought不是谓语动词
* were就是that 从句的谓语动词
* 所以真正主干的谓语动词就是 helped
* that从句是一个完整的句子,它用来解释抽象名词idea, 是同位语从句
* 翻译:他帮助普及了以前认为不是细菌原因的疾病实际上就是感染的想法,因此,在提出该建议时引起了很大的争议
2.5 形容词性从句 - 定语从句
这里的意思是 : 从句用来充当形容词
的作用
形容词在句子中就是用来做定语的, 所以形容词性的从句,就属于是定语从句
Tylor defined culture as “… that” complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals , law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
* 引导词 which;当出现名词 + which 时不用思考, 它就是定语从句.
* 主干 : Tylaor 把文化定义为 “那个复杂的整体”.
* which从句用来修饰和限定前面的 “复杂的整体”
* belief 信仰 morals 道德 custom 习俗
* any other capabilities and habits 任何其他能力和习惯
* acquired by man as a member of society 人类作为社会成员所具备的,作为后置定语修饰 any other capabilities and habits
* 翻译:泰勒把文化定义为"那个"复杂的整体,包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习惯以及人类作为社会成员所具备的任何其他能力和习惯。
The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises / that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.
* 找到引导词 that, 名词 + that; 一种可能是同位语从句, 一种可能是定语从句; 是不是同位语从句,就看这个that 从句是不是一个完整的句子, 所谓完整的句子,就是看有么有完整的主谓宾; 这里显然是定语从句
* preferential taxation policies 优惠的税收政策
* loans of low interest rate 低利率贷款
* The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of interest rate to those enterprises 政府承诺给那些企业更优惠的税收政策和低利率的贷款
* 给哪些企业呐 ?? 后面的that从句就是修饰限定 those enterprises,对能够改善生产结构,并承诺每年雇用50多名下岗工人的企业
* 翻译:政府承诺,对能够改善生产结构并承诺每年雇用50多名下岗工人的企业,给予优惠的税收政策和低利率贷款
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time / when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
* 引导词 when ,当发现时间名词 + when 时, 它引导的就是定语从句
* it is adj. for sb. to do sth.
* 介词短语 to the point of impossibility 到了不可能的地步
* 介词短语 for the average reader 对于普通读者来说
* 介词短语 under the age of forty 未满40岁
* 翻译: 对于未满40岁的普通读者来说,很难想象那个时候,在大多数大城市的报纸可以看到高质量的艺术评论
It is a theory / to which many economists subscribe , but in practice it often leaves railroads in position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
* 介词 + which 引导定语从句,修饰限定 theory
* theory 理论; subscribe 订阅;支持,赞同
* in practice 实践中
* It is a XXXX 的理论
* 许多经济学家赞同、但在实践中,它往往使铁路处于决定哪家公司兴盛,哪家公司倒闭的境地的理论
* 翻译: 这是一个许多经济学家赞同、但在实践中,它往往使铁路处于决定哪家公司兴盛,哪家公司倒闭的境地的理论
In Europe, / where forestry (林业) is ecologically(生态上) more advanced(高级,进一步), the noncommercial(非商业的) tree species are recognized(公认、识别,辨认) as members of native forest community(社区、群落), to be preserved as such(相应地).
* 地点名词 + where 引导定语从句
* is 是从句中的谓语动词
* are recognized 主干谓语
* tree species 树种
* the noncommercial tree species 非营利性树种
* native forest community 当地森林群体
* 翻译:在森林生态学发达的欧洲,非营利性树种被认定为当地森林群体的成员,因此被保存下来
2.6 时间状语从句
状语从句一般比较简单, 认识引导词,一般就容易翻译
常见引导词 :
When, while, before, after, since, until, whenever, once, as, as soon as, the moment
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy.
* as 作为引导词 , 意为 : 随着..
* personalized 私人定制的
* personalized medicine 个性化医疗
* 翻译:但是,随着企业继续尝试个性化医疗,法院将继续忙碌
The current downturn(低迷) in the art marker is the worst / since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists(印象派) at the end of 1989.
自从 1989年日本人停止购买印象派的作品以来 , 整个艺术品市场目前是最糟糕的
2.7 副词性从句
即:从句在句子中做副词
的作用
副词性从句 - 原因状语从句
引导词 :
Because , as, for , since, now that , in that, seeing that, considering that 这些引导词引导从句
- since 句子中有两个意思: since 后面 + 时间点 时, since表示: 自从的意思; 如果没有时间点,那就表示 由于的意思.
- now that、 in that 、seeing that 、 considering that 都表示由于
However, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental(心理、智力的,精神病的人) effort.
* 出现动词believe + that, 一般动词 + that构成的从句就是宾语从句, 翻译时一般不需要调整语序
* connections 联系
* intelligence 智力
* fluctuate 波动
* 翻译 : 但是,由于这些联系是通过努力和实践形成的,因此科学家们相信智力会随着精神上的努力而膨胀和波动
副词性从句 - 地点状语从句
引导词:
Where, wherever
You should better make a mark / where you have any questions.
* where 前面虽然有名词 mark, 但是它并不是表示地点的名词
* 如果表示地点名词 + where, 就构成定语从句 , 来修饰限定前面的名词;
* 如果where前面没有表示地点的名词, 一般构成地点状语从句
* 翻译: 有问题的地方,你最好做个记号
And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify (放大,扩大) gender differences or invent(发明,创造) them / where they did not previously(先前地, 从前) exist.
* one of the easiest ways 最简单方法之一
* to segment a market 分割市场,细分市场
* to magnify gender differences 扩大性别差异
* they did not previously exist. 原先不存在
* 翻译:分割市场的最简单的方法之一就是扩大性别差异,或者在以前不存在的地方创造性别差异
副词性从句 - 结果状语从句
引导词:
So…that , such ….that, lest (以免,以防)
副词性从句 - 条件状语从句
引导词:
If, unless(除非), only if, as/so long as(只要), provided that , supposing that
generally you are prepared if you have the latest Xcode installed.
* 翻译:通常,如果安装了最新的 Xcode,则准备就绪
This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.
* adequate = enough
* aim 名词:目标,动词:朝着
* 翻译:只要朝向正确的方向,这个量就足够了
- 一般先翻译引导词后面的句子
副词性从句 - 让步状语从句
引导词:
Although/though , while, even if/ though, as(虽然,尽管), however, no matter how, whatever, no matter what (无论….)
“无论…..” 的引导词:
however、no matter how、 whatever、no matter what.
Although sadness also precedes (先于) tears, evidence suggests / that emotions can flow from muscular responses.
* 翻译: 虽然悲伤也会先于眼泪,但证据表明感情可以从肌肉的反应中流露出来。
As scared(神圣的) place of peace, however crude(原始的,粗糙的) it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
* however + adj.形容词 这时候however 表示 “无论 。。。”
* distinctly 明确地
* 翻译 : 和平之地,无论多么简陋,都分明是人类的需要,而不是动物需要庇护所
三、 特殊句型
3.1 倒装
分类:完全倒装 和 部分倒装
谓语倒装:
谓语全跑到主语前面
部分倒装:
谓语部分跑到主语前面
// 例 :完全倒装
There exist many problems among the present-day students.
* many problems 是主语;exist 是谓语
* 翻译:现在的学生中存在很多问题
Under the tree are sitting some students
* some students 是主语;are 是谓语
* 翻译:树下坐着几个学生
Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford,Inc. , a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.
* 介词短语 : making the biggest splash in this new world
* 首先,介词短语不可能做主语
* Straitford,Inc 是主语; is是谓语
* a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas 是同位语从句解释前面的主语
* 翻译 : Straitford,Inc是在新世界上发展最快的公司之一, 一家位于德克萨斯州奥斯丁的私人情报分析公司
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