今天在做以太坊开发时,突然想到一个问题,以太坊一个区块包含的交易个数由什么决定?
如果交易池中有足够的交易,一个区块最多可容纳多少交易?
带着这个问题,我阅读了一下go-ethereum中关于挖矿的源代码,找到了答案。
先抛出结论:
影响一个区块交易个数的因素有两个:
- 交易池中的交易个数。这个很好理解,交易池的交易个数直接决定了一个矿工可以打包多少交易到区块中。
- 区块允许的GasLimit。GasLimit又由父块GasLimit、GasFloor和GasCeil共同决定(1.8版本以前只受父块GasLimit影响),当交易的gas总计大于GasLimit时,交易将不在打包的区块中。
其中gasFloor和gasCeil是在geth的中mine的两个配置项。详见文档:https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interface/command-line-options
image.png结论主要从"go-ethereum/miner/worker.go"源文件中得出。worker相当于一个挖矿工人,负责具体的挖矿工作流程。在worker对象中有一个“commitNewWork”方法,是创建一个新的区块,其中计算了该区块的GasLimit和需要处理的交易池中的交易。相关代码如下:
func (w *worker) commitNewWork(interrupt *int32, noempty bool, timestamp int64) {
// 创建区块头
header := &types.Header{
ParentHash: parent.Hash(),
Number: num.Add(num, common.Big1),
// 计算GasLimit
GasLimit: core.CalcGasLimit(parent, w.config.GasFloor, w.config.GasCeil),
Extra: w.extra,
Time: uint64(timestamp),
}
// 从交易池中读取交易
pending, err := w.eth.TxPool().Pending()
if err != nil {
log.Error("Failed to fetch pending transactions", "err", err)
return
}
// Short circuit if there is no available pending transactions
if len(pending) == 0 {
w.updateSnapshot()
return
}
// Split the pending transactions into locals and remotes
localTxs, remoteTxs := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions), pending
for _, account := range w.eth.TxPool().Locals() {
if txs := remoteTxs[account]; len(txs) > 0 {
delete(remoteTxs, account)
localTxs[account] = txs
}
}
if len(localTxs) > 0 {
txs := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, localTxs)
if w.commitTransactions(txs, w.coinbase, interrupt) {
return
}
}
if len(remoteTxs) > 0 {
txs := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, remoteTxs)
if w.commitTransactions(txs, w.coinbase, interrupt) {
return
}
}
}
“commitNewWork”方法中获取到交易池中的交易后将交易提交给了“commitTransactions”方法对交易进行验证。
func (w *worker) commitTransactions(txs *types.TransactionsByPriceAndNonce, coinbase common.Address, interrupt *int32) bool {
// 将区块头中的GasLimit赋值给gasPool
if w.current.gasPool == nil {
w.current.gasPool = new(core.GasPool).AddGas(w.current.header.GasLimit)
}
// 循环判断所有交易
for {
// gasPool中的gas小于21000是跳出循环
if w.current.gasPool.Gas() < params.TxGas {
log.Trace("Not enough gas for further transactions", "have", w.current.gasPool, "want", params.TxGas)
break
}
// 按照交易gas从大到小的顺序获取下一个交易
tx := txs.Peek()
// 没有交易后跳出循环
if tx == nil {
break
}
// 提交交易
logs, err := w.commitTransaction(tx, coinbase)
}
}
将交易提交给“commitTransaction”方法后,回调用
receipt, _, err := core.ApplyTransaction(w.config, w.chain, &coinbase, w.current.gasPool, w.current.state, w.current.header, tx, &w.current.header.GasUsed, vm.Config{})
在ApplyTransaction方法中会将gasPool中的gas值减去该笔交易的gas,当gasPool的gas值小于21000时,剩下的交易将不在打包的该区块中。
回头在来看一下区块中的GasLimit是怎么计算的。
core.CalcGasLimit(parent, w.config.GasFloor, w.config.GasCeil)方法在“go-ethereum/core/block_validator.go”,代码如下:
// CalcGasLimit computes the gas limit of the next block after parent. It aims
// to keep the baseline gas above the provided floor, and increase it towards the
// ceil if the blocks are full. If the ceil is exceeded, it will always decrease
// the gas allowance.
func CalcGasLimit(parent *types.Block, gasFloor, gasCeil uint64) uint64 {
// contrib = (parentGasUsed * 3 / 2) / 1024
contrib := (parent.GasUsed() + parent.GasUsed()/2) / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
// decay = parentGasLimit / 1024 -1
decay := parent.GasLimit()/params.GasLimitBoundDivisor - 1
/*
strategy: gasLimit of block-to-mine is set based on parent's
gasUsed value. if parentGasUsed > parentGasLimit * (2/3) then we
increase it, otherwise lower it (or leave it unchanged if it's right
at that usage) the amount increased/decreased depends on how far away
from parentGasLimit * (2/3) parentGasUsed is.
*/
limit := parent.GasLimit() - decay + contrib
if limit < params.MinGasLimit {
limit = params.MinGasLimit
}
// If we're outside our allowed gas range, we try to hone towards them
if limit < gasFloor {
limit = parent.GasLimit() + decay
if limit > gasFloor {
limit = gasFloor
}
} else if limit > gasCeil {
limit = parent.GasLimit() - decay
if limit < gasCeil {
limit = gasCeil
}
}
return limit
}
计算GasLimit的策略很有意思,受父块的GasLimit、挖矿的gas上限gasCeil和gas下限gasFloor三者共同决定。
当父块的交易里的gas总和大于父块GasLimit的2/3时,则增加当前块的GasLimit,反之减少当前块的GasLimit,同时,保证GasLimit的范围在gasFloor和gasCeil之间。
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