1、Five basic sentence patterns in Enlish
1.主语+谓语
eg. The universe remains.
2.主语+系动词+表语
eg.The food is dilicious.
3.主语+谓语+宾语
eg.He took his bag and left.
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
eg.Her father bought her a dictionary.
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补;宾补是补充前面宾语的内容
eg.We made him our monitor.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 有志者事竟成。
2、Be动词的形式和用法
Be, is, am, are ---现在式； was, were---过去式； being---现在分词；
been---过去分词
Be动词后面接名词，形容词，地点副词或短语作补足语
eg.The man is a teacher; They are teachers; He was a teacher before.--- 过去式; He has been a teacher for three years.---过去完成式。
eg.Mary's new dresses are colorful.
eg.My mother was in the kitchen.
3、Be动词的否定、提问、回答
否定：am not，is not, are not, were not, was not
提问：is he a teacher?
回答：Yes, he is./ No he is not.
4、代词的主格和宾格
代词主格：I，he， she, it, you, we, they
代词宾格：me, him, her, it, you, us, them
eg. I like her.;He likes him.
5、形容词性/名词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词表示......的，具有形容词特性
形容词性物主代词单数形式：my, your, his, her, its
复数形式：our, your, their
eg: This is my book.; We love our motherland.; Those are your socks.
名词性物主代词具有名词特性
名词性物主代词单数形式：mine, yours, his, hers, its, one's
复数形式：ours, yours, theirs
eg: The book is ours.; The apple is hers.
归类
6、反身代词
myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves
eg. Please help yourself to some fish. 随便吃点鱼。 We enjoyed ourselves last night. The thing itself is not important. She gained control of herself.
反身代词用作宾语与同位语，同位语是用来解释说明前面名词成分。
7、实意动词
有实际意义，Be动词没有实际意义。
come, read, go, watch, play, fly，have
来，读，去，看，玩，飞, 有
1.He comes from Shengyang.
2.She is reading story books.
3.They went to American yesterday.
4.My mother will fly back to China next month.
5.We have watched the game for three times.
8、实意动词的否定，提问，回答
使用助动词进行否定，助动词：do, does, did后面加not
1.I don't go to school by bus.
2.She doesn't watch TV everyday.
3.They didn't swim last night.
4.He often palys golf. 提问：Does he often paly golf? paly 变成原型。
5.Sam had breakfast yesterday. 提问：Did sam have breakfast yesterday? have 原型
9、使用疑问词进行提问和回答
When, Where, who, what, how
eg. He bought three books yesterday.
提问：
1.Who bought three books yesterday?
2.What did he buy yesterday?
3.When did he buy three books?
对宾语进行提问时，用助动词，若句中有助动词，放置疑问词后。
How long, how far, how often, why
1.They have been in China for three years. 提问：How long have they been in China? have为助动词
2.It is about 4 kilometer from Beijing ti xi'an. 提问：How far is it from Beijing to xi'an.
3.They come to visit me once a month. 提问：How often do they come to visit me?
4.She came late, because she missed the bus. 提问： Why did she come late?
10、名词
可数名词(countable noun), apple, pencil, student; 有单数与复数之分；
复数如：apple-apples, pencil-pencils, tomato-tomatoes; 以s, z, x, ch, sh, 结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后缀-es，bus-buses; 辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y转变为i在加es，candy-candies; 以o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，加-es, tomato-tomatoes, 河马：hippo-hippos，hippopotamus的缩写。
可数名词前加a/an/量词
apple: an apple/two apples/a box of apple
tomato: a tomato/two tomatoes/a bag of tomatoes
不可数名词(uncountable noun):salt, coffee, water, history, love 无复数形式
coffee: a cup of coffee
11、指示代词和不定代词
指示代词：标识人和事物的代词，用来代替前面已经提到过的名词，this(these),that(those)
This is his book;Those apples were his
不定代词，指代不确定的人或事物，常用的指示代词：one, the other, some, any, something, nothing
No one knows where he is. Some of students want to go to Shanghai, but the others want to go to xi'an.
Each of the students has got a book.
11、形容词
形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，Be动词后；
the beautiful girl; The girl is beautiful
The + 形容词 = 复数名词 表示一类，后面的动词使用复数形式
The old need more care than the young.
12、副词
副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及其他结构
He runs very fast. ; She is very beautiful. ; They work very hard.
根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后；形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后；多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
He speaks very fast. ; They have already left. ; They have already been repaired.
常用的频度副词： always, usually, often, sometimes, never, ...的位置通常放在一般动词前面，be动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。
They always come early. ; Sam often writes homework at seven o'clock.
13、不定量表达法
Some, any, most, every, all
Some与any表示一些，Some 主要用于肯定句中，希望得到肯定回答，也可用在疑问句中；any主要用于否定与疑问句中。
I'd been expecting some letters the whole moring,but there were't any for me.
Some boys went camping yesterday.
Most 做形容词时表示大部分的，后面接复数名词
Most people here are from China.
Every 表示“每一个，所有”，后面接单数名词
Every one likes the film.
All 表示“所有”，后面接可数名词复数，不可数名词单数
All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
All the coffee is served on time.
Both:表示两者都，可做形容词，代词与副词； either：两者之一； neither：两者都不
Both his eyes were severly burned.
There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither answer is correct.
Many 修饰可数名词，表示许多，Much 修饰不可数名词表示许多。
a lot of (lots of)， plently of 均可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
many books, much water, a lot of/lots of books.
a few 为肯定含义“几个”，few 为否定含义 “没几个”；和可数名词连用
A few books are put into the box.
Few books are put into box.
A little 为肯定含义“一点儿”；little 为否定含义“没多点”；和不可数名词连用
There is a little water in the bottle.
There is little water in the bottle.
None 和no one 的意思相同，主要做代词，翻译为“一个也不；一点也不”，用法稍有区别
None 可以接of 短语、动词，可用单数也可用复数
No one 不能接of 短语，动词只能用单数
No one knows the answer.
None of us have arrived.
14、There be, Here be
根据上下文,有多种翻译方法，可以翻译成“有”，“是”，Be动词根据后面名词的单复数变化
There is a book on the bookshelf.
There are some books on the bookshelf.
Here is the bus stop.
Here are your books.
15、一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作，主语是单三时，动词有单三变化。
They often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:00.
一般现在时，动词的单三变化，一般在动词尾加s：play-plays; 以字母s, x, ch和o结尾的动词加es， guess-guesses; 以辅音字母y结尾的动词，先变y为i再加es， study-studies.
一般现在时的否定、疑问句用do,does帮助完成
He doesn't like the car. Does he like the car?
现在进行是表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，句中通常有now等时间副词呼应，基本构成形式为be+doing.
They are watching TV.
动词现在分词的变化规则：一般情况下直接在动词后加ing，work-working; 动词以不发音的e结尾，要去e加ing, take-taking; 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母再加ing，如cut-cutting；以ie结尾的动词，变y再加ing，如lie-lying.
现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时，将Be动词否定或提前
They aren't watching TV. Are they watching TV?
16、一般过去式和过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间段里发生的动作或状态，过去习惯性，经常性的行为
基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他，一般动词后面加上ed，还有一些不规则动词的不规则变化。 play-played; come-came; go-went.
He worked very hard last night. ; They came here by car.
动词一般过去式变化规则： 一般在动词后加ed，play-played ; 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加d,like-liked. ; 在以辅音字母+y结尾的动词后，改y为i再加ed，supply-supplied. 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母再加ed，如plan-planned.
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作，其形式为was/were + doing.
They were waiting for you.
He was talking with his friend just now.
17、将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间内经常发生的动作或状态，常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。 tomorrow, next week, in the future
助动词will和shall + 动词原型， 表示将来发生的事
They will go to Shanghai by ship romorrow.
We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
Be going to +动词原形 用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作，以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算，就要”
They are going to play football this afternon.
She is going to learn French next year.
Be doing 表示位置转移的动词：go, come, leave, start, arrive可用现在进行时表示将来时
They are leaving for Shanghai.
She is arriving tomorrow.
18、过去式
现在完成式（have + 过去分词）动作在过去发生，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续，可使用时间状语：already 和 yet
They have already arrived in Shanghai.
She has played soccer for 3 hours.
She hasn't finished the homework yet.
过去完成时（had + 过去分词）表示句中的动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。
She had played soccer for 3 hours.
Had they planned to stay here.
19、动词
动词根据功能分为四类：实意动词（notional verb), 系动词(link verb), 助动词(auxiliary verb), 情态动词(model verb)
动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在，过去和将来；根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时，进行时和完成时；使用动词时通常将上述结合。
时态的变化
20、情态动词
情态动词（Modal verbs）本身有一定的词义，表示语气的单词。但是不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词前，表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。
can/could 表示能力，用be able to可代替；can/could 表示现在/过去的能力；客观可能性（can的可能性大）
He can/could/is able to swim. ; He can/could come tomorrow. ; Can/could i stay here?
may/might 表示可能性，may 的可能性大，请求，允许用might 更委婉
He may/might come here by bus.
May/might i join you?
Should / ought to / must (have to)
Should 表示劝告，建议，命令，其同义词是ought to ；Should 强调主观看法，而ought to 强调客观要求，在疑问句中通常用Should代替ought to
You should/ought to do the job right now.
Should they stay here now?
Must /have to 表示必须，必要，Must 表示主观多一些，而have to则表示客观多一些
have to有时态和数量的变化，must 和 have to 二者的否定意义不大相同
You mustn't go. You don't have to.
need “需要” 1、情态动词；2、实意动词（有三单和时态的变化，后面加带to的不定时）
(model verb) He need come here early. ; He needn't come here early. ; Need he come here early?
(notional verb) He needs to come here early. ; He doesn't need to come here early. ; Does he need to come here early.
回答must 和 have to 的提问句时，否定使用needn;t , don't have to 等回答方式
Must i come here early tomorrow?
No, you needn't
had better / would rather
had better 表示“最好做某事”，had 虽然是过去式，但是不表征过去，better 后面接动词原形
He had better eat more. ; You'd better finish it right now.
Would rather 表示“宁愿，宁可，还是......为好”，语感上比had better 要轻。
You would rather deal with it now.
否定形式分别为：had better not + 动词原形 ； would rather not + 动词原形
He had better not eat more. ; You would rather not deal with it now.
Used to , would 表示过去习惯性动作，可翻译成“过去常常...”
used to 可指过去的状态或情况，would 则不可
The novel used to be popular.
Would 表示反复发生的动作，如果某一动作没有反复性就不可用would，只可用used to
He would practise englishc everyweek. ; I used to live in Beijing.
Used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，现在已经结束，would 则表示有可能再发生
People used to believe that the earth was falt.
He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
情态动词的否定：情态动词+not+动词原形
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
He can't sing an English song. ; He mustn't go here. ; He doesn't have to go here.
You oughtn't to have told them this bad news, but you did.
使用情态动词进行提问，情态动词+主语+动词原形
Can he sing an English song? ; Does he have to go there?
情态动词+have+过去分词： 表达过去的事实；有推测的含义
He can/could have arrived. He may/might have arrived. ; He must have arrived.
Should have +过去分词 (本应该......)；needn't have + 过去分词(本不需要......)
He should have arrived. ; They should have finished the work. ; You needn't have done so.
Must have + 过去分词 (准时已经......)；can't have +过去分词(不可能已经......)
He must have arrived. ; He can't have arrived.
can not…too\enough表示"无论怎样``````也不过分","越``````越好"：
You can't be too careful. 你越细心越好
21、被动语态
如果主语是动作的承受着，则用动词的被动语态做谓语
被动语态的构成：Be + 动词的过去分词......by sb.
He is taken to American by his mother. ; The information is needed by us. ; The book was being read by him. ; The computer could have been used by them.
被动语态也可以和情态动词结合
The food could be taken away. could可以替换成might be/must be/should be/needs (taking away)/had better be
Books used to be returned in two days.
被动语态的一般疑问句;助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+动词过去分词-
Is the information needed by hin? ; Has the computer been used by her? ; Will the room be cleaned?
被动语态的特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+动词过去分词-
The infoemation is needed by them. What is needed by them?
The girl is taken to Shanghai. ; Where is the girl taken?
The book has read three times. ; How many times has the book been read?
22、to+动词原形与动词原形+ing （非谓语动词）
动词不定式：由to+动词原形构成，可以做主语、宾语、宾补、定语、表语和状语
主语：To get there by bike will take us an hour.
宾语：The driver failed to see the car in time.
宾补：We believe him to be guilty.
定语：The next train to arrive is from seoul.
表语和状语：My suggestion is to put off the meeting. ; I come here only to say goodbay to you.
动词原形+ing，可作动名词用，具有动词的特征和变化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词，在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语
Reading is an art. ; They went on walking and never stopped talking. ; Your task is quickly cleaning the window. ; This is a reading room.
能跟动名词的动词有: avoid; consider; delay; dislike; endure; enjoy; escape; forgive; finish; imagine; keep; mind; miss; pardon; prevent; resist; suggest; understand; can't; help......
能跟不定式的动词有：decide; desire; expect; hope; mean; pretend; promise; refuse; undertake（承担）; want; wish; agree; manage
能跟动名词与不定式的动词有：love; like; hate; prefer; begin; continue; intend; attempt; propose; want; need; remember; forget; regret; try; deserve; start
动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。
remember, forget. regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
I remember meeting him in the street. ; I remember to write a letter to my parents.
stop + 动名词 表示停止动名词所表示的动作， stop +不定式 表示停下来，做不定式表示的动作。
Stop smoking, please. ; Let's stop to have a rest.
forget to do 忘记做...（未做）；forget doing 忘记已做...（已做）
同remember
see, watch, hear sb. do/doing（动作结束/动作在进行）
let; make; notice; hear; have; help; see; watch; feel (感官动词）省去to不定式做宾补，在改被动语态时省去的to还原。
Someone heard him sing in the room. ; He was heard to sing in the room.
what/How about doing ; be good at doing ; 介词 + doing
假主语、真主语、不定式/动名词的否定式
to 不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用it代替它作为形式主语
It 's a great honor to be invited. ; It is no use crying over spilt milk.
在宾语的位置上，用it代替它作形式宾语，这种情况it叫形式宾语
We think it important to learn English.
I found it pleasant walking in the park.
对动名词和不定式进行否定时，在不定式或动名词前加not否定就可以了
He pretended not to see her.
He regrets not join them.
to 不定式表目的
in order to +v 表示目的，由in order to 引导的目的状语置于句首，句尾均可
so as to +v 表示目的，由so as to 引导的目的状语置于句尾
I have written it down in order to remember it.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
它们的否定形式分别在to前面加not
I have written it down in order not to forget it.
He said nothing so as not to be noticed.
常见的不定式与动名词，包含不定式和动名词的一些固定搭配
too...to... 太...以至于不能 The room is too small to live.
enough +n +to +v ; adj +enough +to +v 足够...可以...
There is enough food to eat. ; The box is big enough to contain six apples.
On +ving 一...就... On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.
There is no hope of +ving 没希望... There is no hope of seeing him.
feel like +ving 想要... I feel like eating ice cream now.
have a hard time +ving 做...艰难 They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
现在分词、过去分词、分词句
ving 可称为动名词，也可称为现在分词 Writing books is his job. He is writing a book.
动词被动语态形式可称为动词的过去分词，用在完成时和被动语态当中
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friends, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
原形不定式，使役动词，表示“使/让......”
have,make,let 做使役动词构成形式为 have/make/let +宾语 +v
He made me laugh. ; I let him go. ; Please have him come here.
get 和 help 都做使役动词，get的使役动词句为：get +宾语 +to +v，help 的使役动词为“help +宾语 +(to) +v”.
I can't get anyone to do the work properly. ; I helped him to repair the car.
使役动词(have, make, let, get, help) +宾语 +过去分词，表示“让某物/人被别人...”
I must get my hair cut. ; He couldn't make himself heard. 被别人听到
Can you get the work finished in time?
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, hear, smell, taste, feel +宾语 +动词原形/现在分词
a) +动词原形，表示动作的真实性 ； b) +现在分词，表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. ; I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
和使役动词相似，感官动词后可接过去分词，“感官动词 +宾语 +过去分词”
John saw the man knocked down by the car. 被撞倒。
23【假设】单纯表示条件
条件状语从句，用“if”引导条件状语从句，从句为现在时，通常译作“如果...”
if you get up early, you will catch up with the train.
if 引导的条件状语从句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾
if you ask him, he will help you. ; She will be upset if you fail the exam.
The cat scratches you if you pull her tail. (表示事实，不是将来发生，没有用will）
与现在事实相反的假设
If 从句是一种虚拟的条件式假设，和现在事实相反的，主从句时态具体如下：
从句：动词过去式，Be用were
主句：would / could / should / might +动词原形
If i were you, i would join them. ; She would come with you if you invited her.
与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和过去事实相反
主从句的时态具体如下;从句; had + 动词过去分词； 主句 would / could / should / might / + have +动词过去分词
If i had got there earlier, I should have met her.
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
wish 后面的从句 ，为：希望...就好了，是不可能实现的假设。
与现在事实相反愿望：I wish I were as tall as you.
与过去事实相反愿望： He wished he hadn't said that.
将来不大可能实现的愿望(would / should / could)：I wish it would rain tomorrow
as if 看起来好像...
从句表示与现在事实相反： You look as if you didn't care.
从句表示与过去事实相反: He talks about Rome as if he had be there before.
从句表示与将来事实相反： He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
24 定语从句（关系代词）that who which whom
关系代词：在从句中做一定成分或代替先行词，起到连接现行词和从句的作用。常用关系代词 that who which whom
定语从句：在句中做定语；修饰一个名词或代词、被修饰的名词叫先行词，其后的从句就是定语从句，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.
先行词是人的话，用that who whom whose 来引导定语从句，“whom” 在从句中做宾语，"who / that" 在从句中即可作主语又可做宾语。
They are the people who/that were seen yesterday.
They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
They are the people whose(属格) wallets were lost yesterday.
先行词时动物/事物的话，用which/that/whose来引导定语从句，which / that 在从句中可做主语和宾语，作宾语时可以省略
He came back for the book which/that he had forgotten.
He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
This is the chair whose legs were broken.
when where why (关系副词)
why 用于修饰表示原因的名词： We don't know the reason why he didn't show us.
When 修饰表示时间的名词： We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
where修饰表示地点的名词： We don't know the place where he lives.
宾语从句（连词）
宾语从句：在句中起宾语作用的从句
从属连词：that ; if ; whether ; 连接代词：who ; whom ; whose ; what ; 连接副词：when ; where ; why ; how
He told me (that) he would go to college the next week.
He said that he was there yesterday.
He doesn't know if/whether he was there.
Do you know whose book it is ?
He wants to know how they come.
25 比较级与最高级
通常在形容词和副词后面加：“er” ; “est” : hard-harder-the hardest
词尾是不发音的单音节e时，加“r” ; “st” : nice-nicer-the nicest
词尾是辅音+y的双音节时，去掉“y” 加 “ier” ; “iest” : dry-drier-the driest healthy-healthier
以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时，双写最后一个字母加“er” ： “est” : hot-hotter-the hottest ; thin-thinner-the thinnest
多音节和双音节在形容词和副词前加
程度加强: more-the most ; 程度减弱：less-the least
interesting-more interesting-the most interesting
不规则变化：good-better-the best ; many-more-the most
He is taller than his bother. ; The book is more expensive than the pen. ; Her English is better than his.
He is the tallest in his class. ; The book is the most expensive of the three. ; Her English is the best among the three.
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