——选自fs网站( 吉玛译 )
There are four simple steps to the Feynman Technique, which I'll explain below:
费曼技术的四个简单步骤，解释如下。
1.Choose a Concept 选择一个概念
2.Teach it to a Toddler 将其教授给一个蹒跚学步的孩子。
3.Identify Gaps and Go Back to The Source Material 找出差距，回到源材料。
4.Review and Simplify (optional) 审查和简化(可选)
If you're not learning you're standing still. So what's the best way to learn new subjects and identify gaps in our existing knowledge?
如果你任不知你在原地踏步。那么，学习新课题和发现现有知识的差距的最好方法是什么呢?
Two Types of Knowledge
两种类型的知识
There are two types of knowledge and most of us focus on the wrong one. The first type of knowledge focuses on knowing the name of something. The second focuses on knowing something. These are not the same thing. The famous Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman understood the difference between knowing something and knowing the name of something and it's one of the most important reasons for his success. In fact, he created a formula for learning that ensured he understood something better than everyone else.
两种类型的知识，我们大多数人都把注意力集中在错误的知识上。第一种类型的知识集中于知道某事物的名称。第二种类型知识重点是了解一些东西。它们不一样。著名的诺贝尔物理学奖得主理查德·费曼明白了解事物和知道事物的名称之间的区别，这是他成功的最重要的原因之一。事实上，他创造了一个学习准则，确保他能比其他人更好地理解某事。
It's called the Feynman Technique and it will help you learn anything faster and with greater understanding. Best of all, it's incredibly easy to implement.
它被称为费曼技术，它将帮助你更快地学习任何东西并更深入的理解。最重要的是，它非常容易实现。
“The person who says he knows what he thinks but cannot express it usually does not know what he thinks.” — Mortimer Adler
“一个说自己知道自己想什么但不能表达出的人通常不知道自己在想什么。” --莫蒂默阿德勒
There are four steps to the Feynman Technique.
费曼技术有四个步骤
Step 1: Teach it to a child
步骤一:将其教授给孩子。
Take out a blank sheet of paper and write the subject you want to learn at the top. Write out what you know about the subject as if you were teaching it to a child. Not your smart adult friend but rather an 8-year-old who has just enough vocabulary and attention span to understand basic concepts and relationships.
拿出一张白纸，写上你最想学的科目。把你对这个问题的了解写下来，就像你将其教给一个孩子一样。不是你聪明的成年朋友，而是一个有足够的词汇和注意力，能够理解基本的概念和关系的8岁孩子。
A lot of people tend to use complicated vocabulary and jargon to mask when they don’t understand something. The problem is we only fool ourselves because we don’t know that we don’t understand. In addition, using jargon conceals our misunderstanding from those around us.
很多人在不懂的时候会用复杂的词汇和术语来掩饰他的无知。问题在于我们只是自欺欺人，因为我们不知道自己不懂。此外，使用行话会掩盖我们对周围人的误解。
When you write out an idea from start to finish in simple language that a child can understand (tip: use only the most common words), you force yourself to understand the concept at a deeper level and simplify relationships and connections between ideas. If you struggle, you have a clear understanding of where you have some gaps. That tension is good –it heralds an opportunity to learn.
如果你从开始到结束，你就用简单的语言写出一个想法，孩子就能理解(提示:只使用最常用的单词)，你强迫自己在更深层次上理解这个概念，并简化概念之间的关系和联系。如果你挣扎，你就能清楚地了解你的差距在哪。这种紧张感觉是好的，这预示着一个学习的机会。
Step 2: Review
步骤2:回顾
In step one, you will inevitably encounter gaps in your knowledge where you’re forgetting something important, are not able to explain it, or simply have trouble connecting an important concept.
第一步，你将不可避免地遇到一些知识上缺口，你忘记了一些重要的东西，无法解释它，或者只是难以联想到一个重要的概念。
This is invaluable feedback because you’ve discovered the edge of your knowledge. Competence is knowing the limit of your abilities, and you’ve just identified one!
这是无价的反馈，因为你已经发现知识的碎片。能力是知道你能力的极限，而你刚刚发现了一个!
This is where the learning starts. Now you know where you got stuck, go back to the source material and re-learn it until you can explain it in basic terms.
这就是学习的开始。现在你知道你的困惑点，回到源源材料，重新学习它，直到你能用基本的术语解释它。
Identifying the boundaries of your understanding also limits the mistakes you’re liable to make and increases your chance of success when applying knowledge.
认识到你的理解的界限也限制了你在应用知识时可能犯的错误并增加你成功的机会。
Step 3: Organize and Simplify
步骤3:组织和简化。
Now you have a set of hand-crafted notes. Review them to make sure you didn’t mistakenly borrow any of the jargon from the source material. Organize them into a simple story that flows.
现在你有一套手工制作的笔记。回顾它们以确保你没有错误地从源材料中借用任何术语。把他们组织成一个简单的故事。
Read them out loud. If the explanation isn’t simple or sounds confusing that’s a good indication that your understanding in that area still needs some work.
大声读出来。如果这个解释不简单或者听起来很混乱，很好地说明了你在那个领域的理解仍然需要下点功夫。
Step 4 (optional): Transmit
步骤4(任选的):传输
If you really want to be sure of your understanding, run it past someone (ideally who knows little of the subject –or find that 8-year-old!). The ultimate test of your knowledge is your capacity to convey it to another.
如果你真的想要了解你的理解，那么就把它传递给其他人(最好是对这个话题知之甚少——或者找到那个8岁的人!)对你知识的终极考验是你把它传达给别人的能力。
Not only is this a wonderful recipe for learning but it's also a window into a different way of thinking that allows you to tear ideas apart and reconstruct them from the ground up. (Elon Musk calls this thinking from first principles.) This leads to a much deeper understanding of the ideas and concepts. Importantly, approaching problems in this way allows you to understand when others don't know what they are talking about.
这不仅是一个很好的学习秘诀，而且它也是一扇通往不同思维方式的窗口，可以让你分解重建你的想法。(埃隆·马斯克把这种思想称为“第一原则”。) 它将引导你对思想和概念有更深刻的理解。重要的是，在不知道别人在说什么时候你可以用这种方式来理解别人。
Feynman's approach intuitively believes that intelligence is a process of growth, which dovetails nicely with the work of Carol Dweck, who beautifully describes the difference between a fixed and growth mindset.
费曼的方法直观地认为，智力是一个成长的过程，它与卡罗尔·德韦克的作品相吻合，她完美地描述了固定和成长心态之间的差异。
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