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Wire-Lite项目介绍

Wire-Lite项目介绍

作者: 溪西 | 来源:发表于2021-12-07 14:31 被阅读0次

    Protocol Buffers(以下简称PB) 是google 的一种数据交换的格式。PB独立于语言,独立于平台,相比于json,xml等基于字符的数据封装格式,PB是一种效率和兼容性都很优秀的二进制数据传输格式,可以用于诸如网络传输、配置文件、数据存储等诸多领域。在数据包体积方面,PB的优势尤为明显,使用PB封装的数量包体积要远小于json或xml(根据一些网上公开的测试结果,封装同样的数据,PB的数据包大小是json的三分之一左右),所以PB非常适合网络数据的传输,特别对于数据量和网速都受限的移动网络,使用PB对提升用户的体验能起到非常积极的作用。 但是PB的缺点也是明显的,一个简单的message经过compile后会生成一个复杂的源码文件,即使只定义了一个field,源码文件里也会有数十个方法,这些方法都是在PB的runtime库需要用到的,在服务端使用倒没什么,但是用到Android端就麻烦了,随着网络协议的丰富,与之对应的PB数据结构包的方法数会急剧膨胀,大大加快应用触碰到64K方法数超界这块天花板的时间。
    Wire-Lite作为Android平台的PB库,在开源库[Wire]的基础上再次做了大幅度的精简,相比于另一个著名的PB库protobuf,可将方法数精简70%以上,相比于其前身Wire,也可精简接近50%,非常适合在移动端使用。

    Wire-Lite功能及演示

    通过一个例子对比不同PB库的区别:

    例子proto:
    package com.example;
    
    option java_package = "com.example";
    option java_outer_classname = "PersonProtos";
    
    message Person {
      // The customer's full name.
      required string name = 1;
      // The customer's ID number.
      required int32 id = 2;
      // Email address for the customer.
      optional string email = 3;
    }
    

    这个proto定义了名为Person的message,很简单,只有name, id, email共3个field,让我们看看四个库编译后的结果:

    使用google的protobuf库编译后为:
    package com.example;
    
    public final class PersonProtos {
      private PersonProtos() {}
      public static void registerAllExtensions(
          com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry registry) {
      }
      public interface PersonOrBuilder
          extends com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {
    
        // required string name = 1;
        /**
         * <code>required string name = 1;</code>
         *
         * <pre>
         * The customer's full name.
         * </pre>
         */
        boolean hasName();
        /**
         * <code>required string name = 1;</code>
         *
         * <pre>
         * The customer's full name.
         * </pre>
         */
        java.lang.String getName();
        /**
         * <code>required string name = 1;</code>
         *
         * <pre>
         * The customer's full name.
         * </pre>
         */
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString
            getNameBytes();
    
        // required int32 id = 2;
        /**
         * <code>required int32 id = 2;</code>
         *
         * <pre>
         * The customer's ID number.
         * </pre>
         */
        boolean hasId();
        /**
         * <code>required int32 id = 2;</code>
         *
         * <pre>
         * The customer's ID number.
         * </pre>
         */
        int getId();
        .........
    

    因为生成的文件有902行,太多了,所以只粘一小部分示意一下,对于只有3个field的message却生成了如此多的代码,过于冗余了。

    使用protostuff编译后为:
    // Generated by http://code.google.com/p/protostuff/ ... DO NOT EDIT!
    // Generated from example.proto
    
    package com.example;
    
    import java.io.Externalizable;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.ObjectInput;
    import java.io.ObjectOutput;
    
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.GraphIOUtil;
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Input;
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Message;
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Output;
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Schema;
    import com.dyuproject.protostuff.UninitializedMessageException;
    
    public final class Person implements Externalizable, Message<Person>, Schema<Person>
    {
    
        public static Schema<Person> getSchema()
        {
            return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
        }
    
        public static Person getDefaultInstance()
        {
            return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
        }
    
        static final Person DEFAULT_INSTANCE = new Person();
    
        private String name;
        private Integer id;
        private String email;
    
        public Person()
        {
    
        }
    
        public Person(
            String name,
            Integer id
        )
        {
            this.name = name;
            this.id = id;
        }
    
        // getters and setters
    
        // name
    
        public String getName()
        {
            return name;
        }
    
        public void setName(String name)
        {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        // id
    
        public Integer getId()
        {
            return id;
        }
    
        public void setId(Integer id)
        {
            this.id = id;
        }
    
        // email
    
        public String getEmail()
        {
            return email;
        }
    
        public void setEmail(String email)
        {
            this.email = email;
        }
    
        // java serialization
    
        public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException
        {
            GraphIOUtil.mergeDelimitedFrom(in, this, this);
        }
    
        public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException
        {
            GraphIOUtil.writeDelimitedTo(out, this, this);
        }
    
        // message method
    
        public Schema<Person> cachedSchema()
        {
            return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
        }
    
        // schema methods
    
        public Person newMessage()
        {
            return new Person();
        }
    
        public Class<Person> typeClass()
        {
            return Person.class;
        }
    
        public String messageName()
        {
            return Person.class.getSimpleName();
        }
    
        public String messageFullName()
        {
            return Person.class.getName();
        }
    
        public boolean isInitialized(Person message)
        {
            return 
                message.name != null 
                && message.id != null;
        }
    
        public void mergeFrom(Input input, Person message) throws IOException
        {
            for(int number = input.readFieldNumber(this);; number = input.readFieldNumber(this))
            {
                switch(number)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return;
                    case 1:
                        message.name = input.readString();
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        message.id = input.readInt32();
                        break;
                    case 3:
                        message.email = input.readString();
                        break;
                    default:
                        input.handleUnknownField(number, this);
                }   
            }
        }
    
        public void writeTo(Output output, Person message) throws IOException
        {
            if(message.name == null)
                throw new UninitializedMessageException(message);
            output.writeString(1, message.name, false);
    
            if(message.id == null)
                throw new UninitializedMessageException(message);
            output.writeInt32(2, message.id, false);
    
            if(message.email != null)
                output.writeString(3, message.email, false);
        }
    
        public String getFieldName(int number)
        {
            return Integer.toString(number);
        }
    
        public int getFieldNumber(String name)
        {
            return Integer.parseInt(name);
        }
    
    }
    

    protostuff编译后只有184行,但方法数还是多,有22个,除了get, set方法外,还有很多辅助方法,性价比不高。

    使用wire编译后为:
    // Code generated by Wire protocol buffer compiler, do not edit.
    // Source file: /Users/aoxiao/Develop/protostuff/example.proto
    package com.example;
    
    import com.squareup.wire.Message;
    import com.squareup.wire.ProtoField;
    
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.INT32;
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.STRING;
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Label.REQUIRED;
    
    public final class Person extends Message {
    
      public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "";
      public static final Integer DEFAULT_ID = 0;
      public static final String DEFAULT_EMAIL = "";
    
      /**
       * The customer's full name.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 1, type = STRING, label = REQUIRED)
      public final String name;
    
      /**
       * The customer's ID number.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 2, type = INT32, label = REQUIRED)
      public final Integer id;
    
      /**
       * Email address for the customer.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 3, type = STRING)
      public final String email;
    
      public Person(String name, Integer id, String email) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
        this.email = email;
      }
    
      private Person(Builder builder) {
        this(builder.name, builder.id, builder.email);
        setBuilder(builder);
      }
    
      @Override
      public boolean equals(Object other) {
        if (other == this) return true;
        if (!(other instanceof Person)) return false;
        Person o = (Person) other;
        return equals(name, o.name)
            && equals(id, o.id)
            && equals(email, o.email);
      }
    
      @Override
      public int hashCode() {
        int result = hashCode;
        if (result == 0) {
          result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
          result = result * 37 + (id != null ? id.hashCode() : 0);
          result = result * 37 + (email != null ? email.hashCode() : 0);
          hashCode = result;
        }
        return result;
      }
    
      public static final class Builder extends Message.Builder<Person> {
    
        public String name;
        public Integer id;
        public String email;
    
        public Builder() {
        }
    
        public Builder(Person message) {
          super(message);
          if (message == null) return;
          this.name = message.name;
          this.id = message.id;
          this.email = message.email;
        }
    
        /**
         * The customer's full name.
         */
        public Builder name(String name) {
          this.name = name;
          return this;
        }
    
        /**
         * The customer's ID number.
         */
        public Builder id(Integer id) {
          this.id = id;
          return this;
        }
    
        /**
         * Email address for the customer.
         */
        public Builder email(String email) {
          this.email = email;
          return this;
        }
    
        @Override
        public Person build() {
          checkRequiredFields();
          return new Person(this);
        }
      }
    }
    

    wire编译后为116行,方法数减少到10个,减少的原因一方面是辅助方法数少了,另一方面是其使用了annotation,精简了get, set方法。 不过为了创建一个Person实例,wire又为每个message提供了一个Builder,里面为各field设置值的方法相当于把set方法又加了回来,当然Builder在build时会做很多有效性检查的工作,但是仍有精简的余地。

    使用wire-lite编译后为:
    // Code generated by Wire-Lite protocol buffer compiler, do not edit.
    // Source file: /Users/aoxiao/Develop/protostuff/example.proto
    package com.example;
    
    import com.squareup.wire.Message;
    import com.squareup.wire.ProtoField;
    
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.INT32;
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.STRING;
    import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Label.REQUIRED;
    
    public final class Person extends Message {
    
      public static final int TAG_NAME = 1;
      public static final int TAG_ID = 2;
      public static final int TAG_EMAIL = 3;
    
      public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "";
      public static final Integer DEFAULT_ID = 0;
      public static final String DEFAULT_EMAIL = "";
    
      /**
       * The customer's full name.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 1, type = STRING, label = REQUIRED)
      public String name;
    
      /**
       * The customer's ID number.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 2, type = INT32, label = REQUIRED)
      public Integer id;
    
      /**
       * Email address for the customer.
       */
      @ProtoField(tag = 3, type = STRING)
      public String email;
    
      public Person(Person message) {
        super(message);
        if (message == null) return;
        this.name = message.name;
        this.id = message.id;
        this.email = message.email;
      }
    
      public Person() {
      }
    
      public Person fillTagValue(int tag, Object value) {
        switch(tag) {
            case TAG_NAME:
            this.name = (String)value;
            break;
            case TAG_ID:
            this.id = (Integer)value;
            break;
            case TAG_EMAIL:
            this.email = (String)value;
            break;
            default: break;
            };
        return this;
      }
    
      @Override
      public boolean equals(Object other) {
        if (other == this) return true;
        if (!(other instanceof Person)) return false;
        Person o = (Person) other;
        return equals(name, o.name)
            && equals(id, o.id)
            && equals(email, o.email);
      }
    
      @Override
      public int hashCode() {
        int result = hashCode;
        if (result == 0) {
          result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
          result = result * 37 + (id != null ? id.hashCode() : 0);
          result = result * 37 + (email != null ? email.hashCode() : 0);
          hashCode = result;
        }
        return result;
      }
    }
    

    wire-lite编译后的类行数减少到88行, 方法数减少到5个,与wire生成的代码对比可见其精简了Builder类,改为直接创建message实例并可对field赋值 (wire中的field是final的,生成后不可更改), 原Builder中对数据有效性的检查则放到序列化或反序列化之前做。通过这些改造,使得生成代码的方法数基本等于甚至小于field数,这在编译有很多属性的proto文件时效果尤为明显。

    wire-lite的另一个较大变动是增加了fillTagValue方法,这样可以通过key/value的形式链式设置field的值,这个方法的目的是取代Builder的链式调用,达到同样可以快速创建实例的目的,同时又把方法数收缩到了一个,这在复杂proto结构的生成中是比较常见的,例如下面这个proto设置了多个自定义的option:

    extend google.protobuf.FieldOptions {
      optional int32 my_field_option_one = 60001;
      optional float my_field_option_two = 60002;
      optional FooBar.FooBarBazEnum my_field_option_three = 60003;
      optional FooBar my_field_option_four = 60004;
    }
    
    message FooBar {
      extensions 100 to 200;
    
      optional int32 foo = 1 [my_field_option_one = 17];
      optional string bar = 2 [my_field_option_two = 33.5];
      optional Nested baz = 3 [my_field_option_three = BAR];
      optional uint64 qux = 4 [my_field_option_one = 18, my_field_option_two = 34.5];
      repeated float fred = 5 [my_field_option_four = {
          foo: 11, bar: "22", baz: { value: BAR }, fred : [444.0, 555.0],
          nested: { foo: 33, fred: [100.0, 200.0] }
      }, my_field_option_two = 99.9];
      optional double daisy = 6 [my_field_option_four.baz.value = FOO];
    ......
    

    用wire生成的代码为:

    public static final MessageOptions MESSAGE_OPTIONS = new MessageOptions.Builder()
          .setExtension(Ext_custom_options.my_message_option_one, new FooBar.Builder()
              .foo(1234)
              .bar("5678")
              .baz(new FooBar.Nested.Builder()
                  .value(FooBar.FooBarBazEnum.BAZ)
                  .build())
              .qux(-1L)
              .fred(java.util.Arrays.asList(
                  123.0F,
                  321.0F))
              .daisy(456.0D)
              .build())
    ......
    

    用wire-lite生成的代码为:

    public static final MessageOptions MESSAGE_OPTIONS = new MessageOptions.Builder()
          .setExtension(Ext_custom_options.my_message_option_one, new FooBar()
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_FOO, 1234)
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_BAR, "5678")
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_BAZ, new FooBar.Nested()
                  .fillTagValue(FooBar.Nested.TAG_VALUE, FooBar.FooBarBazEnum.BAZ)
          )
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_QUX, -1L)
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_FRED, java.util.Arrays.asList(
                  123.0F,
                  321.0F))
              .fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_DAISY, 456.0D)
          )
    ......
    

    从两段代码的对比中可见,通过fillTagValue来进行链式赋值比wire中使用Builder稍多了一点代码,但是方法数大为减少,还是可以接受的,而且这种调用多在自动生成的代码中出现,在日常编码中,一般采用直接赋值的方式。

    如何使用wire-lite

    wire-lite的使用方法与wire基本一致,可以参考wire项目的主页 https://github.com/square/wire 这里主要说一下不同的地方:

    1. 编译 编译proto文件有两种选择,一是下载jar包对proto文件进行编译,jar包地址为: http://mvnrepo.alibaba-inc.com/nexus/service/local/artifact/maven/redirect?r=snapshots&g=com.squareup.wire&a=wire-lite-compiler&v=1.5.3-SNAPSHOT&e=jar&c=jar-with-dependencies

    二是使用maven插件编译

          <plugin>
            <groupId>com.squareup.wire</groupId>
            <artifactId>wire-lite-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <executions>
              <execution>
                <phase>generate-sources</phase>
                <goals>
                  <goal>generate-sources</goal>
                </goals>
                <configuration>
                  <protoFiles>
                    <param>squareup/wire/exemplar.proto</param>
                  </protoFiles>
                  <serviceWriter>com.squareup.wire.SimpleServiceWriter</serviceWriter>
                </configuration>
              </execution>
            </executions>
          </plugin>
    

    使用方法见wire项目的说明

    1. 引用runtime库 在maven配置中依赖wire-lite的runtime库即可
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.squareup.wire</groupId>
      <artifactId>wire-lite-runtime</artifactId>
      <version>1.5.3-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </dependency>
    
    1. 创建对象 wire-lite创建对象与赋值的方式更为简单,以上文的Person为例:
    Person person = new Person();   //创建对象
    person.id = 111;    //直接对field赋值
    person.email = "test@test.com";
    
    //当然也可以通过fillTagValue赋值,每个key都是全大写,以field name加上TAG_前缀
    person.fillTagValue(Person.TAG_NAME, "Mike");
    
    Person newPerson = new Person(person);  //创建一个对象,并从一个已有对象处复制所有值
    
    1. 序列化与反序列化
    byte[] personData = person.toByteArray(); //直接转到byte数组
    
    //或者先创建数据再写入
    byte[] newPersonData = new byte[person.getSerializedSize()];
    person.witeTo(newPersonData);
    
    //反序列化
    Wire wire = new Wire();
    Person newPersonInstance = wire.parseFrom(personData, Person.class);
    
    1. 有效性检查 在wire中,有效性检查发生在build对象时期,主要包括对require field的检查以及数组中null元素的检查,而在wire-lite中,有效性检查发生在序列化与反序列化时期,也就是说第3点中的代码都会进行检查,如果数据不合法(必填项为null或者数组中有null值),则会抛出 IllegalStateException 或 NullPointerException ,换句话说,就是wire-lite认为PB对象在序列化或反序列化时都应该是合法的,而其出错抛异常的方式与wire一致。

    目前wire-lite项目的进展:

    wire-lite项目有compiler, runtime, maven-plugin三个工程,均通过了所有的单元测试,也就是说处于立即可用的状态。在maven仓库中也有对应的SNAPSHOT包,版本为1.5.3, 这是由于wire-lite是基于wire 1.5.3版本改动而来,所以版本号上保持了一致, 如果有同学还有更好的精简方案,非常欢迎加入进来,我们一起把这个库做的更好更稳定.

    关于Android L Preview版本的问题:

    目前wire-lite在Android L Preview版本上会出现崩溃的情况,这其实是google的问题,google在preview版中引入了okio等开源库,但没有repackage,这会与wire-lite中引用的okio库冲突,导致 IllegalAccessErrorException。google已经明确表示在Android L正式版中会解决这个问题,将okio等包加上com.android的前缀,所以wire-lite和wire一样,不会针对preview版本做适配性修复,如果有同学一定要在preview版本中使用的话,可以自己用jarjar等工具做repackage。

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