Protocol Buffers(以下简称PB) 是google 的一种数据交换的格式。PB独立于语言,独立于平台,相比于json,xml等基于字符的数据封装格式,PB是一种效率和兼容性都很优秀的二进制数据传输格式,可以用于诸如网络传输、配置文件、数据存储等诸多领域。在数据包体积方面,PB的优势尤为明显,使用PB封装的数量包体积要远小于json或xml(根据一些网上公开的测试结果,封装同样的数据,PB的数据包大小是json的三分之一左右),所以PB非常适合网络数据的传输,特别对于数据量和网速都受限的移动网络,使用PB对提升用户的体验能起到非常积极的作用。 但是PB的缺点也是明显的,一个简单的message经过compile后会生成一个复杂的源码文件,即使只定义了一个field,源码文件里也会有数十个方法,这些方法都是在PB的runtime库需要用到的,在服务端使用倒没什么,但是用到Android端就麻烦了,随着网络协议的丰富,与之对应的PB数据结构包的方法数会急剧膨胀,大大加快应用触碰到64K方法数超界这块天花板的时间。
Wire-Lite作为Android平台的PB库,在开源库[Wire]的基础上再次做了大幅度的精简,相比于另一个著名的PB库protobuf,可将方法数精简70%以上,相比于其前身Wire,也可精简接近50%,非常适合在移动端使用。
Wire-Lite功能及演示
通过一个例子对比不同PB库的区别:
例子proto:
package com.example;
option java_package = "com.example";
option java_outer_classname = "PersonProtos";
message Person {
// The customer's full name.
required string name = 1;
// The customer's ID number.
required int32 id = 2;
// Email address for the customer.
optional string email = 3;
}
这个proto定义了名为Person的message,很简单,只有name, id, email共3个field,让我们看看四个库编译后的结果:
使用google的protobuf库编译后为:
package com.example;
public final class PersonProtos {
private PersonProtos() {}
public static void registerAllExtensions(
com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry registry) {
}
public interface PersonOrBuilder
extends com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {
// required string name = 1;
/**
* <code>required string name = 1;</code>
*
* <pre>
* The customer's full name.
* </pre>
*/
boolean hasName();
/**
* <code>required string name = 1;</code>
*
* <pre>
* The customer's full name.
* </pre>
*/
java.lang.String getName();
/**
* <code>required string name = 1;</code>
*
* <pre>
* The customer's full name.
* </pre>
*/
com.google.protobuf.ByteString
getNameBytes();
// required int32 id = 2;
/**
* <code>required int32 id = 2;</code>
*
* <pre>
* The customer's ID number.
* </pre>
*/
boolean hasId();
/**
* <code>required int32 id = 2;</code>
*
* <pre>
* The customer's ID number.
* </pre>
*/
int getId();
.........
因为生成的文件有902行,太多了,所以只粘一小部分示意一下,对于只有3个field的message却生成了如此多的代码,过于冗余了。
使用protostuff编译后为:
// Generated by http://code.google.com/p/protostuff/ ... DO NOT EDIT!
// Generated from example.proto
package com.example;
import java.io.Externalizable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInput;
import java.io.ObjectOutput;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.GraphIOUtil;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Input;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Message;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Output;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.Schema;
import com.dyuproject.protostuff.UninitializedMessageException;
public final class Person implements Externalizable, Message<Person>, Schema<Person>
{
public static Schema<Person> getSchema()
{
return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
}
public static Person getDefaultInstance()
{
return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
}
static final Person DEFAULT_INSTANCE = new Person();
private String name;
private Integer id;
private String email;
public Person()
{
}
public Person(
String name,
Integer id
)
{
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
}
// getters and setters
// name
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public void setName(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
// id
public Integer getId()
{
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id)
{
this.id = id;
}
// email
public String getEmail()
{
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email)
{
this.email = email;
}
// java serialization
public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException
{
GraphIOUtil.mergeDelimitedFrom(in, this, this);
}
public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException
{
GraphIOUtil.writeDelimitedTo(out, this, this);
}
// message method
public Schema<Person> cachedSchema()
{
return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
}
// schema methods
public Person newMessage()
{
return new Person();
}
public Class<Person> typeClass()
{
return Person.class;
}
public String messageName()
{
return Person.class.getSimpleName();
}
public String messageFullName()
{
return Person.class.getName();
}
public boolean isInitialized(Person message)
{
return
message.name != null
&& message.id != null;
}
public void mergeFrom(Input input, Person message) throws IOException
{
for(int number = input.readFieldNumber(this);; number = input.readFieldNumber(this))
{
switch(number)
{
case 0:
return;
case 1:
message.name = input.readString();
break;
case 2:
message.id = input.readInt32();
break;
case 3:
message.email = input.readString();
break;
default:
input.handleUnknownField(number, this);
}
}
}
public void writeTo(Output output, Person message) throws IOException
{
if(message.name == null)
throw new UninitializedMessageException(message);
output.writeString(1, message.name, false);
if(message.id == null)
throw new UninitializedMessageException(message);
output.writeInt32(2, message.id, false);
if(message.email != null)
output.writeString(3, message.email, false);
}
public String getFieldName(int number)
{
return Integer.toString(number);
}
public int getFieldNumber(String name)
{
return Integer.parseInt(name);
}
}
protostuff编译后只有184行,但方法数还是多,有22个,除了get, set方法外,还有很多辅助方法,性价比不高。
使用wire编译后为:
// Code generated by Wire protocol buffer compiler, do not edit.
// Source file: /Users/aoxiao/Develop/protostuff/example.proto
package com.example;
import com.squareup.wire.Message;
import com.squareup.wire.ProtoField;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.INT32;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.STRING;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Label.REQUIRED;
public final class Person extends Message {
public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "";
public static final Integer DEFAULT_ID = 0;
public static final String DEFAULT_EMAIL = "";
/**
* The customer's full name.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 1, type = STRING, label = REQUIRED)
public final String name;
/**
* The customer's ID number.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 2, type = INT32, label = REQUIRED)
public final Integer id;
/**
* Email address for the customer.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 3, type = STRING)
public final String email;
public Person(String name, Integer id, String email) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.email = email;
}
private Person(Builder builder) {
this(builder.name, builder.id, builder.email);
setBuilder(builder);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object other) {
if (other == this) return true;
if (!(other instanceof Person)) return false;
Person o = (Person) other;
return equals(name, o.name)
&& equals(id, o.id)
&& equals(email, o.email);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result = hashCode;
if (result == 0) {
result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
result = result * 37 + (id != null ? id.hashCode() : 0);
result = result * 37 + (email != null ? email.hashCode() : 0);
hashCode = result;
}
return result;
}
public static final class Builder extends Message.Builder<Person> {
public String name;
public Integer id;
public String email;
public Builder() {
}
public Builder(Person message) {
super(message);
if (message == null) return;
this.name = message.name;
this.id = message.id;
this.email = message.email;
}
/**
* The customer's full name.
*/
public Builder name(String name) {
this.name = name;
return this;
}
/**
* The customer's ID number.
*/
public Builder id(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
return this;
}
/**
* Email address for the customer.
*/
public Builder email(String email) {
this.email = email;
return this;
}
@Override
public Person build() {
checkRequiredFields();
return new Person(this);
}
}
}
wire编译后为116行,方法数减少到10个,减少的原因一方面是辅助方法数少了,另一方面是其使用了annotation,精简了get, set方法。 不过为了创建一个Person实例,wire又为每个message提供了一个Builder,里面为各field设置值的方法相当于把set方法又加了回来,当然Builder在build时会做很多有效性检查的工作,但是仍有精简的余地。
使用wire-lite编译后为:
// Code generated by Wire-Lite protocol buffer compiler, do not edit.
// Source file: /Users/aoxiao/Develop/protostuff/example.proto
package com.example;
import com.squareup.wire.Message;
import com.squareup.wire.ProtoField;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.INT32;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Datatype.STRING;
import static com.squareup.wire.Message.Label.REQUIRED;
public final class Person extends Message {
public static final int TAG_NAME = 1;
public static final int TAG_ID = 2;
public static final int TAG_EMAIL = 3;
public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "";
public static final Integer DEFAULT_ID = 0;
public static final String DEFAULT_EMAIL = "";
/**
* The customer's full name.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 1, type = STRING, label = REQUIRED)
public String name;
/**
* The customer's ID number.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 2, type = INT32, label = REQUIRED)
public Integer id;
/**
* Email address for the customer.
*/
@ProtoField(tag = 3, type = STRING)
public String email;
public Person(Person message) {
super(message);
if (message == null) return;
this.name = message.name;
this.id = message.id;
this.email = message.email;
}
public Person() {
}
public Person fillTagValue(int tag, Object value) {
switch(tag) {
case TAG_NAME:
this.name = (String)value;
break;
case TAG_ID:
this.id = (Integer)value;
break;
case TAG_EMAIL:
this.email = (String)value;
break;
default: break;
};
return this;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object other) {
if (other == this) return true;
if (!(other instanceof Person)) return false;
Person o = (Person) other;
return equals(name, o.name)
&& equals(id, o.id)
&& equals(email, o.email);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result = hashCode;
if (result == 0) {
result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
result = result * 37 + (id != null ? id.hashCode() : 0);
result = result * 37 + (email != null ? email.hashCode() : 0);
hashCode = result;
}
return result;
}
}
wire-lite编译后的类行数减少到88行, 方法数减少到5个,与wire生成的代码对比可见其精简了Builder类,改为直接创建message实例并可对field赋值 (wire中的field是final的,生成后不可更改), 原Builder中对数据有效性的检查则放到序列化或反序列化之前做。通过这些改造,使得生成代码的方法数基本等于甚至小于field数,这在编译有很多属性的proto文件时效果尤为明显。
wire-lite的另一个较大变动是增加了fillTagValue方法,这样可以通过key/value的形式链式设置field的值,这个方法的目的是取代Builder的链式调用,达到同样可以快速创建实例的目的,同时又把方法数收缩到了一个,这在复杂proto结构的生成中是比较常见的,例如下面这个proto设置了多个自定义的option:
extend google.protobuf.FieldOptions {
optional int32 my_field_option_one = 60001;
optional float my_field_option_two = 60002;
optional FooBar.FooBarBazEnum my_field_option_three = 60003;
optional FooBar my_field_option_four = 60004;
}
message FooBar {
extensions 100 to 200;
optional int32 foo = 1 [my_field_option_one = 17];
optional string bar = 2 [my_field_option_two = 33.5];
optional Nested baz = 3 [my_field_option_three = BAR];
optional uint64 qux = 4 [my_field_option_one = 18, my_field_option_two = 34.5];
repeated float fred = 5 [my_field_option_four = {
foo: 11, bar: "22", baz: { value: BAR }, fred : [444.0, 555.0],
nested: { foo: 33, fred: [100.0, 200.0] }
}, my_field_option_two = 99.9];
optional double daisy = 6 [my_field_option_four.baz.value = FOO];
......
用wire生成的代码为:
public static final MessageOptions MESSAGE_OPTIONS = new MessageOptions.Builder()
.setExtension(Ext_custom_options.my_message_option_one, new FooBar.Builder()
.foo(1234)
.bar("5678")
.baz(new FooBar.Nested.Builder()
.value(FooBar.FooBarBazEnum.BAZ)
.build())
.qux(-1L)
.fred(java.util.Arrays.asList(
123.0F,
321.0F))
.daisy(456.0D)
.build())
......
用wire-lite生成的代码为:
public static final MessageOptions MESSAGE_OPTIONS = new MessageOptions.Builder()
.setExtension(Ext_custom_options.my_message_option_one, new FooBar()
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_FOO, 1234)
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_BAR, "5678")
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_BAZ, new FooBar.Nested()
.fillTagValue(FooBar.Nested.TAG_VALUE, FooBar.FooBarBazEnum.BAZ)
)
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_QUX, -1L)
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_FRED, java.util.Arrays.asList(
123.0F,
321.0F))
.fillTagValue(FooBar.TAG_DAISY, 456.0D)
)
......
从两段代码的对比中可见,通过fillTagValue来进行链式赋值比wire中使用Builder稍多了一点代码,但是方法数大为减少,还是可以接受的,而且这种调用多在自动生成的代码中出现,在日常编码中,一般采用直接赋值的方式。
如何使用wire-lite
wire-lite的使用方法与wire基本一致,可以参考wire项目的主页 https://github.com/square/wire 这里主要说一下不同的地方:
- 编译 编译proto文件有两种选择,一是下载jar包对proto文件进行编译,jar包地址为: http://mvnrepo.alibaba-inc.com/nexus/service/local/artifact/maven/redirect?r=snapshots&g=com.squareup.wire&a=wire-lite-compiler&v=1.5.3-SNAPSHOT&e=jar&c=jar-with-dependencies
二是使用maven插件编译
<plugin>
<groupId>com.squareup.wire</groupId>
<artifactId>wire-lite-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>generate-sources</phase>
<goals>
<goal>generate-sources</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<protoFiles>
<param>squareup/wire/exemplar.proto</param>
</protoFiles>
<serviceWriter>com.squareup.wire.SimpleServiceWriter</serviceWriter>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
使用方法见wire项目的说明
- 引用runtime库 在maven配置中依赖wire-lite的runtime库即可
<dependency>
<groupId>com.squareup.wire</groupId>
<artifactId>wire-lite-runtime</artifactId>
<version>1.5.3-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
- 创建对象 wire-lite创建对象与赋值的方式更为简单,以上文的Person为例:
Person person = new Person(); //创建对象
person.id = 111; //直接对field赋值
person.email = "test@test.com";
//当然也可以通过fillTagValue赋值,每个key都是全大写,以field name加上TAG_前缀
person.fillTagValue(Person.TAG_NAME, "Mike");
Person newPerson = new Person(person); //创建一个对象,并从一个已有对象处复制所有值
- 序列化与反序列化
byte[] personData = person.toByteArray(); //直接转到byte数组
//或者先创建数据再写入
byte[] newPersonData = new byte[person.getSerializedSize()];
person.witeTo(newPersonData);
//反序列化
Wire wire = new Wire();
Person newPersonInstance = wire.parseFrom(personData, Person.class);
- 有效性检查 在wire中,有效性检查发生在build对象时期,主要包括对require field的检查以及数组中null元素的检查,而在wire-lite中,有效性检查发生在序列化与反序列化时期,也就是说第3点中的代码都会进行检查,如果数据不合法(必填项为null或者数组中有null值),则会抛出 IllegalStateException 或 NullPointerException ,换句话说,就是wire-lite认为PB对象在序列化或反序列化时都应该是合法的,而其出错抛异常的方式与wire一致。
目前wire-lite项目的进展:
wire-lite项目有compiler, runtime, maven-plugin三个工程,均通过了所有的单元测试,也就是说处于立即可用的状态。在maven仓库中也有对应的SNAPSHOT包,版本为1.5.3, 这是由于wire-lite是基于wire 1.5.3版本改动而来,所以版本号上保持了一致, 如果有同学还有更好的精简方案,非常欢迎加入进来,我们一起把这个库做的更好更稳定.
关于Android L Preview版本的问题:
目前wire-lite在Android L Preview版本上会出现崩溃的情况,这其实是google的问题,google在preview版中引入了okio等开源库,但没有repackage,这会与wire-lite中引用的okio库冲突,导致 IllegalAccessErrorException。google已经明确表示在Android L正式版中会解决这个问题,将okio等包加上com.android的前缀,所以wire-lite和wire一样,不会针对preview版本做适配性修复,如果有同学一定要在preview版本中使用的话,可以自己用jarjar等工具做repackage。
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